The New Cooperative Medical Scheme (NCMS) rolled out in China from 2003-2008 provided
insurance to 800 million rural Chinese. We combine aggregate mortality data with individual
survey data, and identify the impact of the NCMS from program rollout and heterogeneity across
areas in their rural share. We find that there was a significant decline in aggregate mortality, with
the program saving more than one million lives per year at its peak, and explaining 78% of the
entire increase in life expectancy in China over this period. We confirm these mortality effects
using micro-data on mortality, other health outcomes, and utilization.
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