近些年，比特币价格持续增长，伴随 2021年马斯克公开高调入场，其市值更是突破万亿美元大关，一路赶超腾讯、特斯拉、Facebook、阿里巴巴等著名企业，截至2021 年 2 月 20 日，比特币位居全球市值第六名，本文将以比特币为首的加密货币纳为同原油、黄金、小金属并列的稀缺资源，并与以证券市场为代表的常规市场相对比，探究加密货币在“后疫情时代”下的资产配置价值。文章首先区分加密货币与央行数字货币的区别，探究比特币不会归零并将持续存在的原因，再通过对加密货币与资本市场资产配置中的收益率对比与期望方差的考究，探索其资产配置的可行性，并探究其负面效应与风险控制。探究其在合法范围内对国内金融行业的积极作用。本文的积极意义在于：国内金融市场是否可以把握加密货币带来的历史机遇，充分发挥其合法的独特长处与一定程度的稀缺属性，同时加大对加密货币领域的科研力度，完善监管体系，让加密货币成为推动中国金融业资产配置收益增长的新动力。

We study investors’ responses to increasing tax reporting awareness and scrutiny in the crypto markets. Using novel data on retail investors’ trading, we ocument significant taxation effects on investors’ behavior and preferences for crypto-exchanges. Investors engage in tax-loss harvesting through wash trading and trading new products such as non-fungible tokens, consistent with the motive to minimize taxable events, improve tax reporting quality, and balance portfolio losses. U.S.-based traders engage in more tax-loss harvesting at the end of the year than their international peers. We further examine billions of trades on the trading books of large crypto exchanges and discover widespread tax-loss harvesting trades on U.S.-based crypto exchanges, amounting to billions of dollars in tax revenue losses for the government. Finally, we discuss ongoing anti-tax-loss harvesting proposals in anticipation of traders’ likely reactions.

The crypto and noncrypto markets used to be separated from each other. We argue that with the rapid development of stablecoins since 2018, risks are now transmitted between the crypto and noncrypto markets through stablecoins, which are both pegged to noncrypto assets and play a central role in crypto trading. Applying copula-based CoVaR approaches, we find significant risk spillovers between stablecoins and cryptocurrencies as well as between stablecoins and noncrypto markets, which could help explain the tail dependency between the crypto and noncrypto markets from 2019 to 2021. We also document that the risk spillovers through stablecoins are asymmetric—stronger in the direction from the US dollar to the crypto market than vice versa—which suggests the crypto market is re-dollarizing. Further analyses consider alternative explanations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and institutional crypto holdings, and determine that the primary channels of risk transmission are stablecoins’ US dollar peg to the noncrypto market and their transaction-medium function in the crypto ecosystem. Our results have important implications for financial stability and shed light on the future of stablecoin regulation.

Bank bailouts are systemic in China, having been extended to nearly all distressed banks, including those with no systemic importance. This paper investigates the consequences of regulators seizing control of Baoshang Bank, the country’s first bank failure in two decades. Despite the numerous liquidity and credit provision measures immediately implemented by bank regulators, we find that the collapse of this city-level commercial bank significantly exacerbated funding conditions in the market for negotiable certificates of deposit (NCD), resulting in liquidity distress for other banks. Our empirical analysis demonstrates that the spillover of Baoshang’s collapse is disproportionately concentrated in systemically unimportant (SU) banks, owing to diminished market confidence in government bailouts of SU banks, or implicit nonguarantee. We employ a difference-in-differences approach to show that the Baoshang event had a persistent and significant effect on SU banks’ NCD issuance, increasing credit spreads by 21.9 bps and the likelihood of issuance failure by 6.3%. Our empirical framework further enables us to examine the impact of China’s long-standing guarantee of SU banks, which we find impairs price efficiency, undermines market discipline, encourages excessive risk taking, and raises equity prices.

This paper examines the health consequence of rising housing prices by exploiting spatial and temporal variation in housing price appreciation linked to individual-level health data in China from 2000 to 2011. Using an instrumental variable approach, we find robust evidence that increases in housing prices significantly raise the probability of residents having chronic diseases. This negative health impact is more pronounced among individuals from lowincome families and rural to urban migrants. Exploring various possible channels, we find that marriage culture and marriage market competition exacerbates the negative health effects, particularly for males and parents with young adult sons. Our results also reveal that housing price appreciation induces negative health consequences through increased work intensity, higher mental stress, and changes in lifestyle. This paper underlines the unintended health consequences of the real estate market prosperity.

《民法典》在担保物权领域做了许多重大的调整，这对于金融行业也是一巨大的冲击，有利于促进金融改革和金融创新、加快金融法治建设。金融担保制度是目前市场经济大环境中加强社会信用的关键制度，是金融创新中防范信用风险的重要手段。本文以让与担保为视角对《民法典》中的相关规定进行理论梳理和实证分析，探讨让与担保制度对我国金融担保的影响，规划金融法治建设应对策略和金融担保的未来规划。

We document that monetary policy has asymmetric effects on investments by large and small firms in China. Large firms’ investment are highly responsive to monetary expansions, but less affected by monetary contractions. In contrast, small firms’ investments are less responsive to monetary expansions, but significantly affected by monetary contractions. We argue that this asymmetric responses of large and small firms stem from their differential access to credits in a two-tiered banking system. Large firms borrow from the big state-owned banks, which have a strong depositor base, whereas small firms borrow mainly from small banks which does not have a large depositor base and therefore rely heavily on the inter-bank market for financing their loans to small firms. We build a DSGE model with heterogeneous banks, heterogeneous firms, and an inter-bank market that is calibrated to the Chinese data. We show that the model’s quantitative predictions about the effects of monetary policy on large and small firms are consistent with the facts we documented.

长期以来，货币政策与通货膨胀的相互关系一直是主流经济学关注的核心问题。但因不同收入群体的消费结构迥异，不同商品的价格粘性也存在显著差异，传统单一的居民消费价格指数（Consumer Price Index）无法客观反映各收入群体所感知的真实物价水平。本文结合中国家庭微观调查数据与宏观加总数据，创新性地构建了分布式居民消费价格指数（Distributional CPI）。基于该指数，本文提出了货币政策通过消费价格端影响不平等的新机制，并对其进行了量化研究。同时，本文还采用了新近发展的我国货币政策工具变量序列来解决可能存在的内生性问题。实证结果表明，不同收入群体的消费者价格指数存在显著差异，且低收入群体的价格指数具有更大的波动性。进一步分析表明，与传统研究所揭示出的加总效应不同，由于消费结构的差异，货币政策对不同收入群体的生活成本造成了异质性影响。特别地，宽松的货币政策会显著增加低收入群体的生活成本，而高收入群体受到的影响较弱。本文的政策启示是货币政策在稳增长、保就业之外，还在消费价格端表现出明显的社会福利分配效应。此外，本文构建的分布式消费者价格指数也是Piketty et al.（2018）强调的政府构建并发布分布式国家账户（Distributional National Account）在消费价格端的一个重要延伸。

为研究货币政策在股票定价中的作用，本文基于中国A股市场数据，构建以货币政策为条件变量的条件消费资本资产定价模型进行检验。实证结果表明，改进的模型能够显著提高CCAPM模型对市场整体收益和截面收益差异的解释能力，以M1增速为条件变量效果最好。研究发现，货币政策通过主观贴现因子和相对风险厌恶影响市场收益，体现出消费因子风险暴露的时变性，引起各股票组合收益变化；低市值和低账面市值比组合受货币政策影响的敏感性更高。

基于2010年-2018年债券发行数据，政府隐性担保使得债券信用利差较低，债券主体具有更低的融资成本，政府干预越强，隐性担保越强。通过两个外生冲击考察两个方向的结构性变化：“紧”监管，旨在降低政府隐性担保的国务院43号文并未降低地方融资平台的隐性担保；“好”愿景，如果只是用愿景发布时间会得到错误结论，误认为没有改变政府干预强省份的隐性担保、反而收缩了投资，本文引入中欧班列市级特征和地理距离信息，发现一带一路确实增加了主要铁路枢纽节点城市的LGFV投资，其他距离中欧班列始发城市300公里内的LGFV也显著扩大投资。最后还考察了其他新变化的再检验，结果显示风险对冲能力不能有效拉动投资，只有债券市场国际化有助于扩大债券主体投资，而且这个结论不随是否城投债改变。本文提供的中欧班列市级特征证据有助于揭示一带一路对拉动地方投资的有力作用。