中国银行业

  • 详情 亚洲经济体银行业跨境信贷联系的测度与分析
    内容提要 2008年全球金融危机的经验说明银行业在跨境金融联系中发挥着关键作用。近年来,全球经济一体化使得跨境金融联系愈加紧密,本文以 2016-2021 年 14 个亚洲经济体银行业的未偿债权与债务的季度数据为样本构建了亚洲经济体银行业跨境信贷网络,并使用网络分析方法对该信贷网络的结构特征、重要性节点以及中日银行业的跨境联系进行了分析。研究表明,2016-2020年亚洲地区各经济体银行业之间的跨境关联越来越紧密,全球疫情带来的负面影响在 2021 年逐渐显现,使得各经济体的跨境信贷联系明显收缩:新加坡在亚洲银行业跨境信贷网络中发挥着极其重要的中介作用,印度的跨境关联强度不断提升,其重要性逐渐增强:中国银行业对外发出的跨境关联强度增幅显著,在网络中扮演着越来越重要的资金贷出方的角色,重要程度显著上升,而日本银行业的跨境关联强度无明显增幅,在网络中的重要性相对下降。本文为中国银行业的对外开放以及亚洲区域金融一体化的实现提供了政策启示。
  • 详情 亚洲区域跨境信贷网络的测度与分析——兼论中日银行业的地位变化
    本文以国际清算银行公布的2016—2021年14个亚洲经济体银行业的未偿债权与债务的多边季度数据为样本,利用欧式距离对各经济体银行业之间的信贷联系进行了测度,由此构建了亚洲区域跨境信贷网络,并分析了网络结构的动态特征以及中日银行业在其中的角色、重要性和跨境联系。结果表明,2016—2020年亚洲区域跨境信贷网络结构呈现出高密度、高聚类系数的特征,中国、日本、中国香港、新加坡等是网络核心,外围经济体则有向核心靠拢的趋势。从网络动态特征和节点重要性来看,中国银行业在亚洲区域跨境信贷网络中的重要性显著上升,尤其是资金贷出方的角色显著增强。与中国大陆联系最紧密的经济体分别是澳大利亚、土耳其和印度,但港澳台地区与中国大陆的关联强度却不如预期。日本银行业在亚洲一直是重要的资金贷出方,与其联系最紧密的经济体分别是中国香港、中国澳门、新加坡。此外,新加坡,澳大利亚、巴林银行业在亚洲区域网络中发挥显著的桥梁作用。自2021年开始整个亚洲银行业跨境信贷联系明显减弱,这可能与全球疫情的冲击有关。本文为中国银行业跨境信贷业务的发展以及亚洲区域金融一体化的推进提供了政策启示。
  • 详情 同业风险传染、银行治理与系统脆弱性
    本文基于包商银行等事件的现实背景,梳理了近年来出险的几家银行存在的共同特征,挖掘同业业务风险与公司治理薄弱的问题。从银行系统脆弱性特征入手,使用中国银行业数据库(CBD)中2009 年-2019 年的相关数据,通过模拟银行在遭受外来冲击和其他银行通过同业网络进行风险传染的可能违约次数,构造银行脆弱性指标。进一步探究银行内部经营与治理因素对银行脆弱性的影响,主要实证结果表明同业占比过高会加剧银行的系统脆弱性特征,适当的股权集中度和股权制衡度有利于减缓脆弱性;2014 年同业监管政策实施后同业业务对银行脆弱性的提升作用显著减弱。
  • 详情 股权结构会影响商业银行信贷行为的周期性特征吗? ——来自中国银行业的经验证据
    基于我国32家商业银行2003-2011年的年度非平衡面板数据,本文实证检验了银行信贷行为对宏观经济周期变化的反应,并考察了股权结构变化对其所产生的影响。结果显示,我国银行业的信贷总量增速和中长期贷款占比表现出逆周期特征,短期贷款比例与之相反;第一大股东持股比例和国有股占比的提高均会强化银行信贷总量增速的逆周期性,外资持股比例的增加则会弱化该特征;在经济下行周期中,国有持股比例较高的银行会加强中长期贷款投放力度,外资股占比较高的银行则会削减短期贷款投放规模。
  • 详情 基于中国银行业上市公司的管理层权力与薪酬关系拓展性研究
    管理层权力对高管薪酬的影响一直是公司治理领域的研究重点。由于最优契约理论并不能很好地解释高管薪酬过度增长的现象,学者们越来越多采用管理层权力理论来解释银行业管理层权力对高管薪酬的影响。本文针对我国银行业公司治理的特点,从两职合一,董事会构成以及高管任期等三个方面列出了更多管理层权力的指标,选取中国沪深两市上市的16家银行1998年至2008年的数据进行统计分析。结果显示,行长与董事长的两职合一程度与高管薪酬正相关,董事长与党委书记的两职合一会抑制高管薪酬;内部董事比例的提高并不能使提高高管薪酬;董事会中与高管有关联的外部董事比例越高,高管薪酬也越高;董事长的任期与高管薪酬正相关,而行长的任期则相反。基于以上结论的改进措施有助于完善银行业的治理结构,规范银行业高管的薪酬激励机制。
  • 详情 银行改革、银行贷款与政治关联
    基于上市公司实际控制人的政治关联本文实证检验中国银行业改革是否成功。选择2003-2012年中国上市公司年度数据,分别采用OLS回归模型、固定效应面板回归模型和随机效应面板回归模型从银行贷款可获得性、银行贷款数量和银行贷款结构三个维度进行实证分析,实证结果表明中国上市公司实际控制人的政治关联并不显著地正向影响银行贷款,甚至为显著负向影响。最后通过上市公司财务信息、银行贷款余额、上市公司融资偏好和商业信用四个方面进行稳健性检验。因此,从政治关联的角度来看,中国银行业改革是成功的。
  • 详情 商业银行流动性风险监管的流变及在中国的实践
    本文针对商业银行流动性风险国际监管框架的演变,探讨监管重点与流动性风险变化的互动关系,从而梳理出国际流动性风险监管的目的、手段和发展趋势,进而研究其对我国流动性风险监管实践的影响。 本文从分析商业银行流动性风险的成因入手,指出其根源是银行存款和贷款业务所形成的期限错配,因此这种风险是银行在经营活动中难以避免的。流动性风险区别于银行面临的其他风险的主要表现是其低频率、高损失的特点,这使得银行一旦面临流动性危机的打击就很难在短时间内恢复过来,所以必须引起银行管理层和监管机构的重视。从20世纪90年代起单一的流动性指标监管方法已经逐渐被综合的流动性风险管理体系所取代,但各国之间尚存在较大差异。 本文对次贷危机前美国、英国和东亚各国的流动性风险监管框架作了横向比较。经过比较后发现,在流动性风险监管体系中,存在两种不同的方法,即定性方法和定量方法。前者偏重在制度层面对银行进行指导以提高其流动性风险管理能力,而后者则偏重以硬性指标客观计量和评估流动性风险,两者互有优劣,不可偏废。相对来说,英美国家因为金融制度比较完善、人才水平较高,其监管机构以使用定性方法为主;而东亚各国由于金融发展水平较低,产品结构简单,从业人员水平参差不齐,所以更偏好使用定量方法。 当各国金融监管机构还在为如何在定性方法和定量方法之间进行取舍的时候,美国次贷危机和之后席卷全球的金融危机不期而至,这大大加快了流动性风险管理理念和监管实践的发展速度。作为次贷危机的受害者,本文深入分析了英国北岩银行(Northern Rock plc)的挤兑危机案例,对危机背景、银行的经营特点、事件经过和后续影响都作了较为细致的论述,并指出银行自身流动性风险管理不善是形成危机的主要原因,这表现在不合理的资产负债结构、期限错配、利率缺口以及内部控制的缺失。尽管北岩银行管理层对于流动性危机的发生负有不可推卸的责任,但是监管失败的教训同样发人深省,这间接促成了巴塞尔银行监管委员会(Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,以下简称巴塞尔委员会)制定后危机时代的流动性风险监督管理新框架。 本文回顾了历年巴塞尔委员会制定的流动性风险监管文件,将其大致分为次贷危机前和次贷危机后两大类。本文指出,巴塞尔委员会早期制定的流动性监管框架已经很难适应飞速发展的国际金融形势,面临诸多迫切需要解决的问题,包括融资渠道的变化、资产证券化、复杂金融工具的泛滥、抵押品的广泛应用、支付结算系统和日内流动性需求以及跨境资金流。在这些问题中,很大部分也同样存在于危机前的北岩银行,因此危机的爆发带有某种必然性。巴塞尔委员会在次贷危机后发布的《流动性风险管理和监督稳健原则》和《第三版巴塞尔协议:流动性风险计量、标准和监测的国际框架》奠定了第三版巴塞尔协议下国际流动性风险监管新框架的基石。前者制定的17项流动性风险监管新原则和后者引入的流动性覆盖率(Liquidity Coverage Ratio,简称LCR)和净稳定资金比例(Net Stable Funding Ratio,简称NSFR)两大指标分别从定性方法和定量方法两方面完善了现有的流动性风险监管框架,这也反映了未来国际流动性风险监管的趋势。 正如在本文开篇提到的,流动性风险是银行不可避免的风险,对于中国银行业来说,也不能置身事外。经过分析我国银行业的流动性风险现状,笔者认为我国银行的资产负债结构仍属传统,偏重以存款作为融资来源、以贷款作为盈利来源,因此长期流动性风险不容忽视而短期流动性风险尚属可控。同时,不同类型商业银行的流动性风险来源也有所不同。此外,国内银行的流动性风险管理水平也有待提高。与巴塞尔协议类似,在次贷危机前后,我国的流动性风险监管框架也有了质的飞跃,这主要归功于中国银监会颁布的《中国银行业实施新监管标准的指导意见》、《商业银行流动性风险管理指引》和《商业银行流动性风险管理办法(试行)》(征求意见稿)。这些法规系统性地借鉴巴塞尔委员会的先进经验,辅以本地化的监测工具,从而形成了兼顾定性方法和定量方法的有中国特色的流动性风险监督管理新框架。 本文最后指出,无论是定性方法还是定量方法,在流动性风险监管中都起着举足轻重的作用,两者不可偏废。监管机构在设计流动性风险监管框架并实施现场或非现场监管时,应灵活运用定性方法和定量方法并结合压力情景评估银行的流动性风险,这样才能全面有效地实施流动性风险监管,避免系统性的流动性危机。另外,本文还建议我国监管机构在本地化国际流动性风险监管框架方面做更多尝试。 With respect to the evolution of the international supervision framework for commercial bank’s liquidity risk, this article aims to discuss the interaction between the regulatory focuses and the diversification of liquidity risk, in order to sort out the purposes, approaches and development trends of the international supervision on liquidity risk and their impacts on China’s supervision practice of liquidity risk. In regard to the causes of commercial bank’s liquidity risk, this article points out that the mismatch of maturity between the bank’s deposits and loans is the fundamental reason. Such risk is inevitable when conducting banking business. The features of liquidity risk (i.e. low frequency but extremely severe) distinguish itself from other risks that the bank faces, which hinders the bank from a quick recovery after being stricken by a liquidity crisis. Therefore, both the bank management and the regulators must draw their attentions to it. From 1990s, the monitoring method of single indicator has been gradually replaced with the comprehensive liquidity risk management system. However, there are still big variances between different countries. This article compares the framework for liquidity risk supervision between the United States, the United Kingdom and the East Asian countries prior to the subprime mortgage crisis. It is noted after comparison that there are two different approaches in the liquidity risk supervision system, namely the qualitative approach and the quantitative approach. The former emphasizes improving the bank’s liquidity risk management skill by guiding the bank from governance perspective, while the latter prefers measuring and evaluating the liquidity risk by means of objective indicators. Each of these two approaches has its pros and cons that neither should be overemphasized at the expense of the other. Relatively speaking, the Anglo-American countries prefer qualitative approaches due to their mature financial system as well as professional practitioners. By contrast, East Asian countries rely on quantitative approach because of their under-developing financial system, simple product structure and less experienced practitioners. When the financial regulators in various countries were still wondering whether to adopt the qualitative approach or the quantitative approach, the subprime mortgage crisis occurred in the United States and thereafter became a global financial crisis. This crisis accelerated the development of the management theory and the supervision practice of liquidity risk. This article analyzes the bank run on Northern Rock plc (the Bank) in the United Kingdom, a victim of the subprime mortgage crisis, by elaborating the crisis background, the business features of the Bank, the incident course as well as the subsequent impacts. The major cause of the bank run was the Bank’s own mismanagement of its liquidity risk, which included unbalanced structure of assets and liabilities, maturity mismatch, interest rate gap and ineffective internal control as well. Although the management of the Bank bore the ultimate responsibility for this liquidity crisis, the lesson of the supervision failure was thought-provoking. It also indirectly led to the renewed framework for the post-crisis liquidity risk management and supervision by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the Basel Committee). This article reviews the historical documents of liquidity risk supervision that were formulated by the Basel Committee and divides them into two categories, i.e. before and after the subprime mortgage crisis. This article points out that the framework for liquidity risk supervision which was established by the Basel Committee at the early stage could no longer meet the rapid development of the international financial environment and faced many problems which need be solved urgently. These problems included the change of financing channels, asset securitization, misapplication of complex financial instruments, extensive use of collaterals, payment-settlement system, demand for intraday liquidity and cross-border cash flow. Northern Rock plc had most of these problems prior to its bank run crisis. Therefore, the crisis was with certain inevitability. After the subprime mortgage crisis, the Basel Committee issued “Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision” and “Basel III: International Framework for Liquidity Risk Measurement, Standards and Monitoring” which laid the foundation of the renewed international framework for the liquidity risk supervision under Basel III. The former defines 17 new principles of liquidity risk supervision whilst the latter introduces two key indicators, i.e. the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR). Both of the two foundational documents improve the existing framework for liquidity risk supervision from qualitative and quantitative aspects respectively. They also reflect the trends of international liquidity risk supervision. As mentioned at the beginning of this article, the liquidity risk is inevitable to all banks including the China’s banks. Based on the analysis of the status quo of the Chinese banks’ liquidity risk, the author draws the conclusion that the structures of assets and liabilities of the China’s banks are traditional, i.e. the deposits are the source of financing while the loans are the source of profit. Hence, their long-term liquidity risk cannot be ignored whilst their short-term liquidity risk is still under control. In addition, the liquidity risk management skills of the China’s banks need further improvement. Similar to the Basel Accord, the China Banking Regulatory Commission (the CBRC) promulgated “Guidance Opinions on the Implementation of the New Supervisory Standards of Basel III in China Banking Sector”, “Guidelines on Liquidity Risk Management for Commercial Banks” and “Administrative Measures on Liquidity Risk Management for Commercial Banks (Trial) (Draft for Consultation)” right after the subprime mortgage crisis, which made great improvement in the framework for liquidity risk supervision in China. By referring to the advanced experiences of the Basel Committee, together with the help of the localized monitoring tools, these regulations forms a new framework for liquidity risk management and supervision with Chinese characteristics which takes into account both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. Finally, this article reminds that both the qualitative and quantitative approaches play equally important roles in the field of liquidity risk supervision that neither of them is dispensable. When designing the framework for liquidity risk supervision and conducting the on-site or off-site inspections, the regulators should apply flexibility in the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches and attach importance to the stress scenarios to assess the bank’s liquidity risk. By this means, comprehensive and effective supervision on liquidity risk can be achieved to prevent systemic liquidity crisis. Furthermore, it is suggested that the domestic regulators should make more efforts to localize the international framework for liquidity risk supervision.
  • 详情 信用风险与整体风险的一致性角度下的银行竞争作用研究
    信贷自主和贷款利率市场化改革导致中国银行业竞争格局逐渐形成,中国银行机构面临巨大挑战。本文 在多投入多产出系统下估计了银行 Lerner 指数值,并利用面板门限回归技术对中国银行业 1998-2010 年具代表性的 14 家银行的竞争与稳定性关系进行了实证检验。结果表明:(1)银行贷款市场管制的不断放松促进了价格竞争格 局的形成。(2)银行竞争对银行稳定性具有门限效应,仅在高市场力下显著,且并不否定非线性关系的存在;(3) 市场力在信用风险和银行整体风险上的影响并不必然一致。
  • 详情 中国银行业抗兑付风险简易模型及中国银行业一危险监管漏洞分析
    设计了一个中国银行业抗兑付风险简易模型。
  • 详情 外资银行与中资银行的战略合作决策研究
    允许外资银行以少数股权形式与中资银行战略合作是中国银行业开放和中资银行改革的一个重要举措。 在此 背景下,本文首先建立两本地银行间的信贷市场竞争模型,以此为基础,本文再考虑外来银行与本地银行之一战略 合作以及未来控股本地引资银行的可能性, 然后通过构建控股决策的实物期权模型和少数股权合作决策模型, 研究 了外来银行与引资银行合作决策的交互行为。研究结果表明: (1)除了本地信贷市场规模及其高速增长是吸引外来 银行与引资银行合作的原因之外, 未来控股引资银行的可能性将是吸引外来银行与本地银行合作的更重要原因; (2) 如果外来银行不与本地银行战略合作而是在将来与已参与战略合作的外来银行竞争控股引资银行, 那么他将在竞争 中失去机会; (3)如果外来银行与引资银行战略合作、付出努力开展新业务降低贷款客户交易成本,则现有少数股 权合作机制下难以有效激励外来银行贡献自己的努力水平, 而未来控股的可能性更削弱了外来银行贡献努力水平的 积极性,这既不利于引资银行也不利于整个本地信贷市场; (4)为了改变不利局面,引资银行应在少数股权合作机 制中加入 “如果外来银行在战略合作中努力水平没有达到一定标准, 将来将只能恶意收购引资银行” 的新约束条件。 新约束条件改变了不利的情况,同时,相对于高约束指标,低约束指标更能促使外资银行在低股权比例上贡献高努 力水平,更能提高引资银行所得新增净价值和整个合作银行价值。