利率工具

  • 详情 准备金规模与财政赤字货币化政策有效性
    本文探究了财政赤字货币化政策在中短期内提振总需求、促进经济增长的有效性,而银行体系的准备金规模状态是影响财政赤字货币化政策效果的关键因素。本文将财政赤字货币化政策定义为融资方式依赖于货币政策工具协调配合的扩张性财政政策,将准备金规模状态划分为稀缺准备金和充足准备金状态,并依据超额准备金数量相对流动性需求的充足程度对准备金规模状态进行了严格定义。依托包含银行体系和财政货币政策互动机制的动态随机一般均衡模型,本文解析和定量地研究了不同准备金规模状态下各类财政赤字货币化政策的效果,并以理论模型蕴含的检验标准为依据,分析和预测了我国当前准备金规模状态及未来变化趋势。研究结果表明,稀缺准备金状态下依赖准备金数量工具和充足准备金状态下依赖超额准备金利率工具配合的财政赤字货币化政策能够提升扩张性财政政策的有效性。我国银行体系当前处于稀缺准备金状态,但正在逐步向充足准备金状态靠近。现阶段政策当局可以考虑通过中央银行购买国债实施财政赤字货币化政策。
  • 详情 货币政策利率工具有效性的实证研究
    利率工具作为央行货币政策的重要组成部分,也是实施货币政策的主要手段之一。中央银行根据货币政策实施的需要,适时地运用利率工具,对利率水平和结构进行调整,以此影响社会资金供求状况,调节微观经济主体的具体经济行为,进而实现既定的货币政策目标。 自2008年经济危机以来,中国人民银行多次利用存款准备金率和利率工具对国家宏观经济进行调节,特别是2010年以来为了应对由之前过度宽松货币政策导致的严重通胀形势,央行5次提高存贷款基准利率,12次提高存款准备金率至21.5%的历史高位。尽管如此,但是国内利率水平依然处在低位,实际利率持续为负。存准率过度提高导致货币供给大幅减少,利率水平维持低位使货币需求上升,这样扭曲的货币政策导致了我国宏观经济在各方面的失衡,并且遭到了来自各界的非议。究竟利率工具的宏观经济调控效果如何呢,为何央行不愿意使用价格型货币政策工具——利率进行调控呢?虽然目前存准率工具的使用次数要远多于利率工具,但是随着今后利率市场化改革的深入推进和我国金融体制的开放改革,今后利率调控工具将会成为央行调节宏观经济运行节奏的主要手段。因此,研究利率政策调控对宏观经济的影响将有助于我们明确利率调控的效果、认清宏观经济变化的原因,在利率市场化的背景下也能够为央行制定科学的货币政策提供决策依据。 本文是按照“回顾改革以来利率政策的调整历史→实际利率变动对主要宏观经济目标的实证检验→影响利率政策效果的原因分析→增强利率调控效果的政策建议”的基本思路,展开全文的分析讨论。在对改革开放三十年以来的利率政策历史回顾分析的基础上,采用定性和定量分析相结合的方法,对利率变动与经济增长率、通货膨胀率以及城镇登记失业率进行实证检验,得出不同阶段实际利率的变化对不同宏观经济目标的影响。在此基础上得出全文结论,实际利率与经济增长率的关系从正相关逐渐发展为负相关,与通胀率则是显著的负相关,而实际利率与城镇登记失业率则呈现很弱的相关性。然后具体分析影响我国利率政策调控宏观经济效果的原因,主要包括利率管制政策、金融市场发展建设及经济主体行为三个方面。最后在前文讨论的基础上提出增强利率调控效果的政策建议,主要包括放松利率管制、继续推进利率市场化改革、完善货币市场发展建设、加强央行宏观调控能力等方面。 Interest rate policy is an important component of monetary policy,also the one main instruments of monetary policy implementation.According to the People’s Bank of China monetary policy needs in a timely manner,use of interest rate tools,include the level of interest rates and interest rate structure in order to affect the supply and demand of funds,micro-economic regulation of the main acts,and to achieve monetary policy objectives. After 2008 world economic crisis, the interest rate and deposit-reserve ratio has been changed more times to adjust China’s macroeconomic. Especially since 2010 to cope with the serious inflation caused by the prior overly lax monetary policy, the central bank raised the benchmark deposit and lending interest rates 5 times and 12 times to raise the deposit reserve ratio to 21.5% highs. In spite of this, but the domestic interest rate level is still low, the real interest rate is negative for longtime. Money supply is greatly reduced by the excessive increase of deposit reserve ratio, and monetary demand rises because the level of interest rates remains low. Such distortion of the monetary policy in our country makes our macro economy imbalance in all aspects, and has received criticism from all walks of life. How about the interest rate tool of macroeconomic regulation and control effect, why the central bank is not willing to use price monetary policy tools -- interest rate regulation? Although the deposit-reserve ratio has been changed more than the interest rate, but with the market-oriented reform of interest rate and financial system, interest rate regulation will be the main method of macroeconomic adjusting control. So studying on macroeconomic effects of real interest rate would help us to be more clearly knowing the results of the interest rate policy and understanding the reasons for changes in the economy. Furthermore,in our country, the interest rate is not fully market-oriented, the study is also helpful for authorities to make the correct monetary and interest rate policy. “Review the history of interest rate policy adjustment from Reform and Opening up→the empirical test of real interest rate on the main macroeconomic goals→the reasons analysis which have influence on the effects of interest rate policy→the policy recommendations which make interest rate regulation more effective" This is the main train of thought of this paper, around which expand the analysis and discussion. Based on the review of the history of interest rate policy after Reform and Opening-up from 1980, used the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, through analyzed the effects of real interest rates which impacted on the three macroeconomic objectives, include the GDP growth rate、the inflation rate and the urban registered unemployment rate, we get the result that in different stages, the interest rate policy have different impacts on economic objectives. At the last, we get the whole conclusion and analyzed the reasons which caused interest rate policy to be ineffective on the macro economy. Finally, according to China’s financial market, this paper gave some reform suggestions which can make interest rate policy to be more effective on macro economic adjusting control.
  • 详情 投资者异质性、股市泡沫与货币政策效应
    本文构建了基于投资者异质性假定的股市泡沫模型,将投资者区分为“信息 观察者”和“惯性交易者”,并根据这两类投资者的相对势力变化来界定股市泡沫的“生长” 与“破灭”。基于此模型,本文根据我国 1998 年至 2009 年的经济数据,实证检验了我国股 市投资者异质性的演化特征,据此判断我国股市泡沫的“生长”与“破灭”的交替变化过程, 同时还检验了股市泡沫对投资者异质性变化的动态影响。进而,本文进一步将货币政策因素 纳入实证框架,通过研究各货币政策工具变量对投资者的异质性特征变化的影响,来考察各 种货币政策工具对股市泡沫演变的效应。研究发现,在广义货币供应量、信贷规模和利率等 不同的货币政策工具中,对于控制股市泡沫的“生长”,最为有效且最具有可操作性的措施 是控制信贷规模的增速,而且愈早干预,效果愈显著。而利率工具对我国股市泡沫的干预基 本无效。
  • 详情 投资者异质性、股市泡沫与货币政策效应
    本文构建了基于投资者异质性假定的股市价格模型,将投资者区分为基本面分析者和技术分析者,并根据这两类投资者的相对势力变化来界定股市泡沫的“生长”与“破灭”。基于此模型,本文根据我国1998年至2009年的经济数据,实证检验了我国股市投资者异质性的演化特征,据此判断我国股市泡沫的“生长”与“破灭”的交替变化过程,同时还检验了股市泡沫对投资者异质性变化的动态影响。进而,本文进一步将货币政策因素纳入实证框架,通过研究各种货币政策工具变量对投资者的异质性特征变化的影响,来考察各种货币政策工具对股市泡沫演变的效应。研究发现,在广义货币供应量、信贷规模和利率等不同的货币政策工具中,对于控制股市泡沫的“生长”,最为有效且最具有可操作性的措施是控制信贷规模的增速,而且愈早干预,效果愈显著。而利率工具对我国股市泡沫的干预基本无效。