证券化

  • 详情 资产证券化与货币政策利率传导效率:来自中国的经验证据
    现阶段中国政策利率下行并未有效传导至中长期利率,货币政策利率传导效率欠佳。结合近年来蓬勃发展的资产证券化,文章从利率传导渠道出发,厘清了资产证券化借助价格风险对冲、信贷资产定价的途径,疏通政策利率向债券市场利率、信贷市场利率传导的作用机制。基于 2012 年 9 月至 2020 年 8 月期间的月度数据,应用局部投影方法充分识别了资产证券化在利率传导渠道中发挥的作用。研究结果表明,“高资产证券化”状态下货币政策冲击对债券市场不同期限利率以及信贷市场贷款利率的传导效率远高于“低资产证券化”状态。需要强调的是,在替换不同类型的货币政策冲击、改变资产证券化的测度方式、引入更多的控制变量之后,该结论仍然成立,可见发展资产证券化有利于提高货币政策利率传导效率。进一步将货币政策冲击区分为宽松冲击和紧缩冲击后,发现面对宽松货币政策冲击时,资产证券化对利率传导效率的提振更大。建议在货币政策调控框架转型,特别是在货币政策适当加大力度“稳增长”的关键时期,大力推动资产证券化发展,助力货币政策传导提质增效。
  • 详情 巨灾保险与风险证券化的新进展
    我国是世界上自然灾害最频繁的国家之一。自然灾害的人员伤亡惨重且经济损失巨大。目前我国针对自然灾害的保险无成型体制,而以政府财政拨款为救灾赈灾的主要措施。这样不利于保持经济平稳较快发展,另一方面对巨灾风险的分散效果也很不乐观。本文将以发达国家既有的成熟巨灾保险制度为借鉴,对我国的巨灾风险证券化推行的可行性与有效性进行分析。
  • 详情 基于Bass随机扩散模型的文化资产证券化定价研究
    面向文化资产证券化定价问题,给出一种有别于传统的定价方法,即嵌入Bass 模型的 Gamma 随机过程定价方法。利用Bass 随机扩散模型预测文化产品的市场接受程度,以解决由 于文化资产未来收益的强烈不确定性而引起的资产定价困难的问题。该方法首先给出了嵌入 Bass 的Gamma 随机过程扩散模型。然后,根据模型给出的资产收益的价格形式,利用新增 资产收益信息,使用贝叶斯参数推断方法,对定价模型的参数进行更新。并借助马尔科夫蒙 特卡罗(MCMC)方法解决积分过程中的多重积分问题,最终实现了资产的动态定价。最后, 对证券凭证的定价进行分析,利用模糊综合评价方法将文化创意资产证券化的风险考虑进证 券价格中,并给出具有期权性质的证券产品价格。采用中国票房数据对该方法进行了实证效 果分析,结果显示该方法具有较好的预测效果,具有一定的可行性和适用性。为文化创意资 产的定价提供一种新思路。
  • 详情 商业银行流动性风险监管的流变及在中国的实践
    本文针对商业银行流动性风险国际监管框架的演变,探讨监管重点与流动性风险变化的互动关系,从而梳理出国际流动性风险监管的目的、手段和发展趋势,进而研究其对我国流动性风险监管实践的影响。 本文从分析商业银行流动性风险的成因入手,指出其根源是银行存款和贷款业务所形成的期限错配,因此这种风险是银行在经营活动中难以避免的。流动性风险区别于银行面临的其他风险的主要表现是其低频率、高损失的特点,这使得银行一旦面临流动性危机的打击就很难在短时间内恢复过来,所以必须引起银行管理层和监管机构的重视。从20世纪90年代起单一的流动性指标监管方法已经逐渐被综合的流动性风险管理体系所取代,但各国之间尚存在较大差异。 本文对次贷危机前美国、英国和东亚各国的流动性风险监管框架作了横向比较。经过比较后发现,在流动性风险监管体系中,存在两种不同的方法,即定性方法和定量方法。前者偏重在制度层面对银行进行指导以提高其流动性风险管理能力,而后者则偏重以硬性指标客观计量和评估流动性风险,两者互有优劣,不可偏废。相对来说,英美国家因为金融制度比较完善、人才水平较高,其监管机构以使用定性方法为主;而东亚各国由于金融发展水平较低,产品结构简单,从业人员水平参差不齐,所以更偏好使用定量方法。 当各国金融监管机构还在为如何在定性方法和定量方法之间进行取舍的时候,美国次贷危机和之后席卷全球的金融危机不期而至,这大大加快了流动性风险管理理念和监管实践的发展速度。作为次贷危机的受害者,本文深入分析了英国北岩银行(Northern Rock plc)的挤兑危机案例,对危机背景、银行的经营特点、事件经过和后续影响都作了较为细致的论述,并指出银行自身流动性风险管理不善是形成危机的主要原因,这表现在不合理的资产负债结构、期限错配、利率缺口以及内部控制的缺失。尽管北岩银行管理层对于流动性危机的发生负有不可推卸的责任,但是监管失败的教训同样发人深省,这间接促成了巴塞尔银行监管委员会(Basel Committee on Banking Supervision,以下简称巴塞尔委员会)制定后危机时代的流动性风险监督管理新框架。 本文回顾了历年巴塞尔委员会制定的流动性风险监管文件,将其大致分为次贷危机前和次贷危机后两大类。本文指出,巴塞尔委员会早期制定的流动性监管框架已经很难适应飞速发展的国际金融形势,面临诸多迫切需要解决的问题,包括融资渠道的变化、资产证券化、复杂金融工具的泛滥、抵押品的广泛应用、支付结算系统和日内流动性需求以及跨境资金流。在这些问题中,很大部分也同样存在于危机前的北岩银行,因此危机的爆发带有某种必然性。巴塞尔委员会在次贷危机后发布的《流动性风险管理和监督稳健原则》和《第三版巴塞尔协议:流动性风险计量、标准和监测的国际框架》奠定了第三版巴塞尔协议下国际流动性风险监管新框架的基石。前者制定的17项流动性风险监管新原则和后者引入的流动性覆盖率(Liquidity Coverage Ratio,简称LCR)和净稳定资金比例(Net Stable Funding Ratio,简称NSFR)两大指标分别从定性方法和定量方法两方面完善了现有的流动性风险监管框架,这也反映了未来国际流动性风险监管的趋势。 正如在本文开篇提到的,流动性风险是银行不可避免的风险,对于中国银行业来说,也不能置身事外。经过分析我国银行业的流动性风险现状,笔者认为我国银行的资产负债结构仍属传统,偏重以存款作为融资来源、以贷款作为盈利来源,因此长期流动性风险不容忽视而短期流动性风险尚属可控。同时,不同类型商业银行的流动性风险来源也有所不同。此外,国内银行的流动性风险管理水平也有待提高。与巴塞尔协议类似,在次贷危机前后,我国的流动性风险监管框架也有了质的飞跃,这主要归功于中国银监会颁布的《中国银行业实施新监管标准的指导意见》、《商业银行流动性风险管理指引》和《商业银行流动性风险管理办法(试行)》(征求意见稿)。这些法规系统性地借鉴巴塞尔委员会的先进经验,辅以本地化的监测工具,从而形成了兼顾定性方法和定量方法的有中国特色的流动性风险监督管理新框架。 本文最后指出,无论是定性方法还是定量方法,在流动性风险监管中都起着举足轻重的作用,两者不可偏废。监管机构在设计流动性风险监管框架并实施现场或非现场监管时,应灵活运用定性方法和定量方法并结合压力情景评估银行的流动性风险,这样才能全面有效地实施流动性风险监管,避免系统性的流动性危机。另外,本文还建议我国监管机构在本地化国际流动性风险监管框架方面做更多尝试。 With respect to the evolution of the international supervision framework for commercial bank’s liquidity risk, this article aims to discuss the interaction between the regulatory focuses and the diversification of liquidity risk, in order to sort out the purposes, approaches and development trends of the international supervision on liquidity risk and their impacts on China’s supervision practice of liquidity risk. In regard to the causes of commercial bank’s liquidity risk, this article points out that the mismatch of maturity between the bank’s deposits and loans is the fundamental reason. Such risk is inevitable when conducting banking business. The features of liquidity risk (i.e. low frequency but extremely severe) distinguish itself from other risks that the bank faces, which hinders the bank from a quick recovery after being stricken by a liquidity crisis. Therefore, both the bank management and the regulators must draw their attentions to it. From 1990s, the monitoring method of single indicator has been gradually replaced with the comprehensive liquidity risk management system. However, there are still big variances between different countries. This article compares the framework for liquidity risk supervision between the United States, the United Kingdom and the East Asian countries prior to the subprime mortgage crisis. It is noted after comparison that there are two different approaches in the liquidity risk supervision system, namely the qualitative approach and the quantitative approach. The former emphasizes improving the bank’s liquidity risk management skill by guiding the bank from governance perspective, while the latter prefers measuring and evaluating the liquidity risk by means of objective indicators. Each of these two approaches has its pros and cons that neither should be overemphasized at the expense of the other. Relatively speaking, the Anglo-American countries prefer qualitative approaches due to their mature financial system as well as professional practitioners. By contrast, East Asian countries rely on quantitative approach because of their under-developing financial system, simple product structure and less experienced practitioners. When the financial regulators in various countries were still wondering whether to adopt the qualitative approach or the quantitative approach, the subprime mortgage crisis occurred in the United States and thereafter became a global financial crisis. This crisis accelerated the development of the management theory and the supervision practice of liquidity risk. This article analyzes the bank run on Northern Rock plc (the Bank) in the United Kingdom, a victim of the subprime mortgage crisis, by elaborating the crisis background, the business features of the Bank, the incident course as well as the subsequent impacts. The major cause of the bank run was the Bank’s own mismanagement of its liquidity risk, which included unbalanced structure of assets and liabilities, maturity mismatch, interest rate gap and ineffective internal control as well. Although the management of the Bank bore the ultimate responsibility for this liquidity crisis, the lesson of the supervision failure was thought-provoking. It also indirectly led to the renewed framework for the post-crisis liquidity risk management and supervision by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (the Basel Committee). This article reviews the historical documents of liquidity risk supervision that were formulated by the Basel Committee and divides them into two categories, i.e. before and after the subprime mortgage crisis. This article points out that the framework for liquidity risk supervision which was established by the Basel Committee at the early stage could no longer meet the rapid development of the international financial environment and faced many problems which need be solved urgently. These problems included the change of financing channels, asset securitization, misapplication of complex financial instruments, extensive use of collaterals, payment-settlement system, demand for intraday liquidity and cross-border cash flow. Northern Rock plc had most of these problems prior to its bank run crisis. Therefore, the crisis was with certain inevitability. After the subprime mortgage crisis, the Basel Committee issued “Principles for Sound Liquidity Risk Management and Supervision” and “Basel III: International Framework for Liquidity Risk Measurement, Standards and Monitoring” which laid the foundation of the renewed international framework for the liquidity risk supervision under Basel III. The former defines 17 new principles of liquidity risk supervision whilst the latter introduces two key indicators, i.e. the Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR) and the Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR). Both of the two foundational documents improve the existing framework for liquidity risk supervision from qualitative and quantitative aspects respectively. They also reflect the trends of international liquidity risk supervision. As mentioned at the beginning of this article, the liquidity risk is inevitable to all banks including the China’s banks. Based on the analysis of the status quo of the Chinese banks’ liquidity risk, the author draws the conclusion that the structures of assets and liabilities of the China’s banks are traditional, i.e. the deposits are the source of financing while the loans are the source of profit. Hence, their long-term liquidity risk cannot be ignored whilst their short-term liquidity risk is still under control. In addition, the liquidity risk management skills of the China’s banks need further improvement. Similar to the Basel Accord, the China Banking Regulatory Commission (the CBRC) promulgated “Guidance Opinions on the Implementation of the New Supervisory Standards of Basel III in China Banking Sector”, “Guidelines on Liquidity Risk Management for Commercial Banks” and “Administrative Measures on Liquidity Risk Management for Commercial Banks (Trial) (Draft for Consultation)” right after the subprime mortgage crisis, which made great improvement in the framework for liquidity risk supervision in China. By referring to the advanced experiences of the Basel Committee, together with the help of the localized monitoring tools, these regulations forms a new framework for liquidity risk management and supervision with Chinese characteristics which takes into account both the qualitative and quantitative approaches. Finally, this article reminds that both the qualitative and quantitative approaches play equally important roles in the field of liquidity risk supervision that neither of them is dispensable. When designing the framework for liquidity risk supervision and conducting the on-site or off-site inspections, the regulators should apply flexibility in the use of qualitative and quantitative approaches and attach importance to the stress scenarios to assess the bank’s liquidity risk. By this means, comprehensive and effective supervision on liquidity risk can be achieved to prevent systemic liquidity crisis. Furthermore, it is suggested that the domestic regulators should make more efforts to localize the international framework for liquidity risk supervision.
  • 详情 银行间市场企业类债券发行和交易定价研究(第二届博士生论坛)
    随着国内债券市场规模迅速增长,对于债券定价的各类研究变得日益重要。关于定价和利差的解释,国内外研究集中在违约风险(反映为信用利差)和流动性风险(反映为流动性利差)方面。国内银行间企业类债券市场为商业银行主导的市场结构,存在交易商协会注册制和发改委审批制两大体系,发行人主要为国有企业和投融资平台。限于发展时间较短,历史市场价格和违约数据积累不足,给研究分析带来了诸多困难。 本文以实践角度出发,提出了“企业类债券收益率=同期限无风险利率+信用利差+流动性利差+其他因素(例如税收利差)”的分析范式。在一级市场,本文发现:1、交易商协会发布的“指导定价”是发行利率的决定性因素;2、债券种类和结构会影响债券发行利率,企业债券和中小企业集合票据的发行利率明显高于其他同评级债券,但债券回售和赎回条款未被有效定价。在二级市场,本文选取国债和政策性金融债作为无风险利率,对3-5年中期票据的收益率进行回归分析。结论为:1、国内中期票据收益率大部分可以由无风险利率和信用评级所解释,税收因素也在债券交易定价中得到了反映;2、3年期中期票据信用等级每降低1级,收益率大约上升42.5bps;5年期中期票据信用等级每降低1级,收益率大约上升45bps;3、高评级债券的收益率变动能被无风险利率收益率变动解释的程度要高于低评级债券的收益率变动;4、宏观资金面紧张时,企业类债券的信用利差和流动性利差倾向于上升。本文还选取了铁道部发行债券作为实际案例,就信用风险和流动性风险对铁道债的收益率变化的影响,以及财税支持行动的效果进行了简要分析。 基于上述分析,本文最后针对投资银行的业务发展提出了两点意见:1、抓住金融脱媒机遇,大力布局债券承销、资产证券化和资产管理业务;2.发展银行间做市业务和定价模型,提升交易和销售能力。
  • 详情 我国倒按揭业务立法问题探讨——应对老龄化的法律创新
    老龄化是我国经济发展方式转变的重要因素,应对老龄社会,必须建立全方位的养老法律体系。倒按揭业务通过市场化运行的金融产品,实现“住房养老”。各国倒按揭业务的运作模式大致有政府主导型、保险公司主导型及商业银行主导型三,针对我国国情,应当选择商业银行主导型。我国立法应当引入让与担保,以构建倒按揭业务的基础法律关系。倒按揭合同应当设立无追索权、增值分享及回赎权等特别条款。为推动倒按揭业务在我国的发展,还应当设计政府支持、保险公司参与及资产证券化等支撑制度。
  • 详情 台湾金融资产证券化立法及借鉴
    金融资产证券化是指金融资产经过资产重组、风险隔离及信用增级等环节,由特设机构据此发行证券,并以相关收益偿付证券的操作程式。由于金融资产证券化的精妙结构和独特功能,使之成为20世纪最重要的金融创新之一,并且被世界各国日益广泛地应用。台湾也立法推动金融资产证券化业务的扩展以应对内外挑战,其《金融资产证券化条例》形成相关法律制度的基本框架,尤其围绕特殊目的信托、特殊目的公司的立法尝试,应为大陆所借鉴。
  • 详情 金融结构、流动性创造与货币政策
    金融结构的不断演变,使得流动性的内涵和流动性创造的形式发生了变化。本文认为, 在市场主导型的金融结构下, 具有较强市场流动性的金融资产被纳入到广义流动性的范畴,在总量上, 广义流动性包括了各种信用形式在内的社会信用总量。 非银行金融机构在金融市场上以证券化的方式 创造流动性,这是一种广义的、内生于金融市场内部的流动性扩张,在过去几年导致整个社会可贷资 金总量的快速增加。流动性创造形式的变化会影响到宏观经济金融的稳定,以及中央银行货币政策的 有效性。因此,一国政策当局应该加强流动性管理、建立以“流动性”为核心的政策框架体系。
  • 详情 汽车金融公司资产证券化问题探讨
    融资瓶颈限制了汽车金融公司规模扩张和可持续发展。研究证明,资产证券化是解决汽车金融公司流动性的有效途径。我国处于尝试阶段,目前爆发的金融危机对资产证券化提出更高要求,当前探讨汽车金融公司资产证券化问题具有现实意义。本文结构安排如下:首先引入汽车金融公司资产证券化问题;其次结合上汽通用案例分析国内存在的不足;再次从资产证券化操作流程进行理论分析;最后从管理层、汽车金融公司、相关参与主体和金融市场四方面提出了相应对策建议。
  • 详情 汽车金融公司贷款风险问题探讨
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