快速扩张的加密货币市场引起我们对加密货币价格决定性因素的思考：究竟是什么因素在决定加密货币价格？ 我们以 Google 搜索作为投资者对加密货币的关注度度量指标，检验了加密货币市场的“网络炒作效应”，并进一步提出了由加密货币市场因子、规模因子和网络关注度因子组成的加密货币市场三因子定价模型。我们的实证结果表明：(1) 加密货币市场存在显著的网络炒作效应，网络炒作是加密货币价格上升的推手；(2) 加密货币的平均超额收益率与规模呈负相关关系，与 Google 搜索关注度因子呈显著的正相关关系；(3) 我们提出的三因子模型对加密货币的截面超额收益率具有很强的解释能力，并能够很好地解释加密货币市场中的动量因子、反转因子和流动性因子。

The crypto and noncrypto markets used to be separated from each other. We argue that with the rapid development of stablecoins since 2018, risks are now transmitted between the crypto and noncrypto markets through stablecoins, which are both pegged to noncrypto assets and play a central role in crypto trading. Applying copula-based CoVaR approaches, we find significant risk spillovers between stablecoins and cryptocurrencies as well as between stablecoins and noncrypto markets, which could help explain the tail dependency between the crypto and noncrypto markets from 2019 to 2021. We also document that the risk spillovers through stablecoins are asymmetric—stronger in the direction from the US dollar to the crypto market than vice versa—which suggests the crypto market is re-dollarizing. Further analyses consider alternative explanations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and institutional crypto holdings, and determine that the primary channels of risk transmission are stablecoins' US dollar peg to the noncrypto market and their transaction-medium function in the crypto ecosystem. Our results have important implications for financial stability and shed light on the future of stablecoin regulation.

数字支付技术能像现金和国债那样，产生流动性溢价吗？对此，我们利用全球最大的数字支付平台（支付宝）进行估算。我们利用了以下事实：不同的货币市场基金进入该平台（因此可被用户持有和交易）的时间有先后。我们发现，一旦基金能被用于交易，它的规模平均增长了42倍。在此基础上，利用一个把基金视为不完全替代品的模型，数字支付技术的流动性溢价为年均1.0%-1.7%。

利率工具作为央行货币政策的重要组成部分，也是实施货币政策的主要手段之一。中央银行根据货币政策实施的需要，适时地运用利率工具，对利率水平和结构进行调整，以此影响社会资金供求状况，调节微观经济主体的具体经济行为，进而实现既定的货币政策目标。 自2008年经济危机以来，中国人民银行多次利用存款准备金率和利率工具对国家宏观经济进行调节，特别是2010年以来为了应对由之前过度宽松货币政策导致的严重通胀形势，央行5次提高存贷款基准利率，12次提高存款准备金率至21.5%的历史高位。尽管如此，但是国内利率水平依然处在低位，实际利率持续为负。存准率过度提高导致货币供给大幅减少，利率水平维持低位使货币需求上升，这样扭曲的货币政策导致了我国宏观经济在各方面的失衡，并且遭到了来自各界的非议。究竟利率工具的宏观经济调控效果如何呢，为何央行不愿意使用价格型货币政策工具——利率进行调控呢？虽然目前存准率工具的使用次数要远多于利率工具，但是随着今后利率市场化改革的深入推进和我国金融体制的开放改革，今后利率调控工具将会成为央行调节宏观经济运行节奏的主要手段。因此，研究利率政策调控对宏观经济的影响将有助于我们明确利率调控的效果、认清宏观经济变化的原因，在利率市场化的背景下也能够为央行制定科学的货币政策提供决策依据。 本文是按照“回顾改革以来利率政策的调整历史→实际利率变动对主要宏观经济目标的实证检验→影响利率政策效果的原因分析→增强利率调控效果的政策建议”的基本思路，展开全文的分析讨论。在对改革开放三十年以来的利率政策历史回顾分析的基础上，采用定性和定量分析相结合的方法，对利率变动与经济增长率、通货膨胀率以及城镇登记失业率进行实证检验，得出不同阶段实际利率的变化对不同宏观经济目标的影响。在此基础上得出全文结论，实际利率与经济增长率的关系从正相关逐渐发展为负相关，与通胀率则是显著的负相关，而实际利率与城镇登记失业率则呈现很弱的相关性。然后具体分析影响我国利率政策调控宏观经济效果的原因，主要包括利率管制政策、金融市场发展建设及经济主体行为三个方面。最后在前文讨论的基础上提出增强利率调控效果的政策建议，主要包括放松利率管制、继续推进利率市场化改革、完善货币市场发展建设、加强央行宏观调控能力等方面。 Interest rate policy is an important component of monetary policy，also the one main instruments of monetary policy implementation．According to the People’s Bank of China monetary policy needs in a timely manner，use of interest rate tools，include the level of interest rates and interest rate structure in order to affect the supply and demand of funds，micro-economic regulation of the main acts，and to achieve monetary policy objectives． After 2008 world economic crisis, the interest rate and deposit-reserve ratio has been changed more times to adjust China’s macroeconomic. Especially since 2010 to cope with the serious inflation caused by the prior overly lax monetary policy, the central bank raised the benchmark deposit and lending interest rates 5 times and 12 times to raise the deposit reserve ratio to 21.5% highs. In spite of this, but the domestic interest rate level is still low, the real interest rate is negative for longtime. Money supply is greatly reduced by the excessive increase of deposit reserve ratio, and monetary demand rises because the level of interest rates remains low. Such distortion of the monetary policy in our country makes our macro economy imbalance in all aspects, and has received criticism from all walks of life. How about the interest rate tool of macroeconomic regulation and control effect, why the central bank is not willing to use price monetary policy tools -- interest rate regulation? Although the deposit-reserve ratio has been changed more than the interest rate, but with the market-oriented reform of interest rate and financial system, interest rate regulation will be the main method of macroeconomic adjusting control. So studying on macroeconomic effects of real interest rate would help us to be more clearly knowing the results of the interest rate policy and understanding the reasons for changes in the economy. Furthermore，in our country, the interest rate is not fully market-oriented, the study is also helpful for authorities to make the correct monetary and interest rate policy. “Review the history of interest rate policy adjustment from Reform and Opening up→the empirical test of real interest rate on the main macroeconomic goals→the reasons analysis which have influence on the effects of interest rate policy→the policy recommendations which make interest rate regulation more effective" This is the main train of thought of this paper, around which expand the analysis and discussion. Based on the review of the history of interest rate policy after Reform and Opening-up from 1980, used the combination of qualitative and quantitative analysis, through analyzed the effects of real interest rates which impacted on the three macroeconomic objectives, include the GDP growth rate、the inflation rate and the urban registered unemployment rate, we get the result that in different stages, the interest rate policy have different impacts on economic objectives. At the last, we get the whole conclusion and analyzed the reasons which caused interest rate policy to be ineffective on the macro economy. Finally, according to China’s financial market, this paper gave some reform suggestions which can make interest rate policy to be more effective on macro economic adjusting control.

文章试图通过对2006年3季度中国人民银行实施央票工具调控目标转变这一政策事件的观察，展开了我国货币政策操作程序的演化分析，同时还基于我国货币政策操作实践，通过设计实证框架，对当前货币政策操作程序下货币市场利率波动的传递性进行研究。研究表明，随着利率形成机制从单一行政管制向双轨制过渡，货币政策操作程序已初步实现了从准备金总量程序向利率程序演化。并且，在利率双轨制约束的操作程序下，人民银行能够稳定市场预期，引导货币市场利率，有效降低市场利率波动的传递性。

本文首先梳理了中央银行利率调控的现实背景和理论背景，指出流动性效应是利率操作的基础，而随着货币政策透明度和可靠性的提高，预期效应作用越来越重要。在对各国中央银行货币市场利率引导国际经验比较分析的基础上，给出了一个有关货币市场利率和中央银行利率引导的理论模型。对中国的经验分析表明，中国存在显著的流动性效应和预期效应，公开市场操作能够有效引导货币市场利率，已具备开展利率调控的充分条件。在对我国的公开市场操作和中央银行利率安排简要分析的基础上，就向价格型货币政策转型和未来利率引导模式等问题进行了讨论。

从微观层面联通资本市场与货币市场是理论与现实中都迫切关注的热点。本文借助投资者情绪这一崭新视角，探究资本市场中高涨的投资者情绪是否及如何影响货币市场中信贷资源配置，并进一步分析了投资者情绪的介入是提升还是降低了信贷资源的配置效率。研究发现，伴随着市场整体投资者情绪的高涨，上市公司获得的银行借款普遍增加；在总量增加的同时，那些真正需要资金并且融资困难的民营小规模上市公司更为敏锐的捕捉了从银行获得贷款的好时机，这类公司获得更多银行借款，其融资约束问题得以缓解，信贷资源配置效率提高。然而，从获得贷款后企业投资效率的后验角度，投资者情绪高涨期信贷资源的配置效率却有所降低，投资不足组的投资效率未能改善，同时过度投资组的过度投资问题也更加严重。本研究表明，货币市场中信贷资源配置效率的提升依赖于资本市场的健康与稳定。

本文利用2006年10月至2010年9月的日数据，建立金融市场的EGARCH 模型，检验了我国中央银行沟通对金融市场预期的引导效应。结论表明：我国中 央银行沟通已能够引导货币市场和股票市场的预期形成；口头沟通与书面沟通相 比，后者的效力更强一些，并且在口头沟通中，央行行长比其他人更能影响金融 市场预期。主要的政策含义是沟通可以作为我国货币政策的一种新工具。

2007 年以来美国次贷危机逐步升级到全球性的金融危机，此次危机 突出表现为金融体系内部“金融泡沫”破灭引发的流动性危机。从这一特点出发， 本文基于货币经济学的货币市场和信贷市场局部均衡理论，构建金融危机的货币 机制分析框架。在此基础上，通过研究货币市场和信贷市场由均衡到失衡的动态 机制来分析此次金融危机的形成；从金融机构和公众行为的理论和实证分析来考 察这种宏观形成机制的微观基础。进而总结此次金融危机国家在宏观政策调控和 微观市场监督上的经验教训，并提出对我国完善金融市场、防范金融风险的启示。

内 容 摘 要 基准利率在利率市场化的进程中居于核心地位，而中国的基准利率尚处在培育和发展阶段。本文在总结前人研究的基础上，提出从货币市场基础性和货币政策权威性两个角度进行分析，通过因果关系检验、脉冲响应分析和货币市场压力模拟，对SHIBOR的基准利率地位进行检验。检验结果表明，SHIBOR经过4年多的运行，具备了基准利率的主要特征，SHIBOR作为中国的基准利率更具科学性。基于上述的分析结果，本文提出了进一步加快把SHIBOR培育为基准利率的建议。 ABSTRACT Benchmark interest rate is on a core position in the process of interest rate marketization, while China’s benchmark interest rate is still in cultivating and developing stage. According to conclusions of former research, this article which is focused on base of monetary market and authority of monetary policy, through the ADF test, impulse response analysis and simulation of monetary market pressure, tests SHIBOR’s position of benchmark interest rate. Test results show that after more than four years’ operation, SHIBOR obtains the main characteristics of benchmark interest rate and becomes more reasonable to be benchmark interest rate. Based on the analysis above, this article put forward some proposals to accelerate the cultivation of SHIBOR.