The paper analyses monetary policy transmission mechanism in Nigeria. Vector auto-regression model is estimated for the pre-reform and post-reform periods. Variance decompositions and impulse response functions are examined to see whether there are any changes observed in the monetary transmission mechanism after the reforms. Different systems are estimated in each period using alternate variables as measures of monetary policy shocks. When compared results from the two estimation periods, we noted that both the responsiveness of prices and output to policy shocks and the magnitude of their forecast error variance decompositions, explained by these variables, have increased since the reforms. There is evidence of the bank-lending channel both before and after the reforms. Of the mechanisms estimated, the exchange rate and lending mechanisms seem to be the most important mechanisms for transmission of policy shocks to both prices and output during the post-reform period.

A strategic foundation for rational expectations equilibrium is provided by considering a double auction with n buyers and m sellers with interdependent values and affiliated private information. If there are sufficiently many buyers and sellers, and their bids are restricted to a sufficiently fine discrete set of prices, then, generically, there is an equilibrium in nondecreasing bid functions which is arbitrarily close to the unique fully revealing rational expectations equilibrium of the limit market with unrestricted bids and a continuum of agents. In particular, the large double auction equilibrium is almost efficient and almost fully aggregates the agents’ information.

The pairs (or repeat) transactions index model is the most widely used method for constructing housing market index and for estimating individual house prices. However, this model is unable to provide price level information on the housing market and encounters several statistical problems when individual houses have more than two transactions. In order to overcome the shortcomings of pairs transactions model, we propose a multi transactions model with the panel data approach to estimate market index and to predict house prices. The empirical results based on 5,000 houses in Howard County Maryland demonstrate that the proposed multi transactions model: (1) can provide price level information on the housing market; (2) produces market index with smaller standard errors; (3) is more robust in terms of difference between the sub-sample estimate and full sample estimate; (4) has smaller index revision volatilities; and (5) performs better in the out-of-sample test on the prediction of individual house prices. Thus, the multi transactions model is recommended for constructing housing market index and assessing individual house prices.

中国证券市场是一个特殊的证券市场，在这个市场中，政府、上市公司、投资者等各利益集团入市都有其自己特定的目的。本文基于对各利益集团入市的目的的分析，构造出了各利益集团间的博弈模型，分析了各利益集团之间的冲突和对抗。 Abstract: The Chinese stock market is a special stock market, so that in this market, and each interest group of government, listed company, investor...etc. Appear on market to all have the particular purpose of its oneself. This text primarily pass the right each interest group the purpose that appear on market, and construct out the game of each interest group the model, from but analyzed the game between each interest group clash with resist.

The theory of storage states that the marginal convenience yield on inventory falls at a decreasing rate as inventory increases. Previous literature has tested this hypothesis using so-called “direct test” approach which employs a direct measurement of inventory levels, or the “ indirect test” approach which examines the relative variation of spot and futures prices and the relative variation of negative basis to positive basis as alternative proxies for inventory levels. The rationale behind “indirect test” is based on the hypothesis that futures prices are less variable than spot prices when inventory is low, and have similar variability when inventory is high. The authors propose a “ unified “ test of the theory of storage that incorporates aspects of both direct and indirect tests in an ARMAX-asymmetric GARCH model framework.

Although bank loans themselves are somewhat illiquid because of private information, most of their cashflows are not. Recent financial innovations allow commercial loans to be liquefied via credit derivatives and actual and synthetic securitizations. The loan originating bank holds the remaining illiquid tranche containing the concentrated credit risk, private information rent and the “excess spread” that incentivize the bank to continue to monitor and service the loans. Empirically, we find that the average size of the residual tranche is about 3%, which reflects the size of the “market determined capital” necessary to support the liquefaction. The liquefaction of bank loans makes possible a banking system that restricts the guaranteed accounts to be backed by 100% reserves and the non-guaranteed deposits to be backed by liquid securitized loan tranches, while retaining the deposit-lending synergy. Such a system is perfectly safe without deposit insurance and it renders banks bankruptcy-remote without sacrificing a bank’s traditional role as a financial intermediary.

This paper documents the relations between firms' pre-offer market valuations and takeover behavior, and evaluates their consistency with the Q theory and the misvaluation theory of takeovers. We employ two valuation measures: price/book ratios and ratios of price to residual income model value. Market valuations of bidders and targets influence the means of payment chosen, the mode of acquisition, the premia paid, target hostility to the offer, the likelihood of offer success, and bidder and target announcement period stock returns. The evidence is broadly consistent with both hypotheses. The evidence for the Q hypothesis is stronger in the pre-1990 period than in the 1990-2000 period, whereas the evidence for the misvaluation hypothesis is stronger in the 1990-2000 period than in the pre-1990 period.

本文运用对称双头垄断时机选择期权博弈模型分析了经营成本对企业研发投资决策的影响。随着研发投资项目经营成本的增加，企业的投资收益下降而投资临界值上升。这使得企业即使面临竞争对手抢先进入的威胁，等待而不是立即投资仍然是最优的。经营成本对于企业的投资收益和投资临界值的影响大于项目投资成本，而且追随者企业对于经营成本更加敏感。 In this paper, we analyze the influence of operating costs on the R&D investment decision with a symmetrical duopoly real option timing game. As the operating costs increasing, the payoffs of firms decrease but investment thresholds increase, so firms prefer waiting to investing even facing the threat of preemption of the rival. We show that the investment thresholds are more sensitive to the change of the operating costs than that of the investment costs, and the operating costs have more influence on the payoffs of follower firm than that of leader firm.

We propose a new diagnostic test for linear and nonlinear time series models,using a generalized spectral approach+ Under a wide class of time series models that includes autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (ARCH) and autoregressive conditional duration (ACD) models, the proposed test enjoys the appealing“nuisance-parameter-free” property in the sense that model parameter estimation uncertainty has no impact on the limit distribution of the test statistic+ It is consistent against any type of pairwise serial dependence in the model standardized residuals and allows the choice of a proper lag order via data-driven methods. Moreover, the new test is asymptotically more efficient than the correlation integral?based test of Brock, Hsieh, and LeBaron (1991, Nonlinear Dynamics, Chaos, and Instability: Statistical Theory and Economic Evidence) and Brock, Dechert, Scheinkman, and LeBaron (1996, Econometric Reviews 15, 197?235), the well-known BDS test, against a class of plausible local alternatives (not including ARCH). A simulation study compares the finite-sample performance of the proposed test and the tests of BDS, Box and Pierce (1970, Journal of the American Statistical Association 65, 1509?1527), Ljung and Box (1978, Biometrika 65, 297?303), McLeod and Li (1983, Journal of Time Series Analysis 4, 269?273), and Li and Mak (1994, Journal of Time Series Analysis 15, 627? 636). The new test has good power against a wide variety of stochastic and chaotic alternatives to the null models for conditional mean and conditional variance. It can play a valuable role in evaluating adequacy of linear and nonlinear time series models. An empirical application to the daily S&P 500 price index highlights the merits of our approach.

中文摘要： 随着我国与世界各国经济往来的日益密切和国际金融的不断泛化，我国将逐渐融入国际金融市场的大环境。一些原本不为我们所熟识的金融衍生产品将逐渐影响并改变我们的经济生活。外汇按金交易作为80年代全球金融创新年代的新锐产品，首当其冲受到业内人士的普遍关注。随着中国外汇管理政策改革的进一步深化，推出衍生品交易时机已经成熟，按金交易也将应运而生。 English Abstract: With the closer relationship between China and foreign countries in the world and the further development of the international financial business, China will be gradually involved in the international financial market on a wide range. Some of the financial derivatives that we were not familiar with are going to make great influence and bring a lot changes in our economic life. As the new and great product in the world financial innovation activities, The Leveraged Foreign Exchange without no doubt will be the focus of the professional people in the banking industry and financial regulating sectors. Since the rules of the SAFE have changed a lot, the right time for the entering into foreign exchange market of financial derivatives becomes available. Thus, it is possible to remove the prohibition of The leveraged Foreign Exchange.