Based on Allen and Gale (1992), Aggarwal and Wu (2002), this article introduces dynamic transaction costs. So, we can comprehensively and theoretically discuss the major roles of government against stock market manipulation for the first time. First, the government should require all the related participants disseminate great and true information in time, in order to decrease the cost of intelligent investor. Second, the government should vigorously regulate the trading and discriminate the intelligent investor from manipulator to increase the manipulator’s cost. Last, in order to decrease the intelligent investor, the government also should increase the degree of investor education

Under the framework of Rational Expectation Equilibrium (REE), the paper analyzes the impacts of insider trading on the secondary market in the order-driven system. We show that when insider trading is allowed, the average price will not change and there is a positive correlation between the future price and the current price. The volatility and liquidity change without sure direction with insider trading. The price efficiency is a special case with and without insider trading. The insider is benefit by insider trading wherever the outsider and liquidity trader may be benefit or hurt by insider trading.

This paper contributes to the development of recent literature on the explanation power and calibration issue of heterogeneous asset pricing models by presenting a simple stochastic market fraction asset pricing model of two types of traders (fundamentalists and trend followers) under a market maker scenario. Statistical analysis based on Monte Carlo simulations shows that the long-run behaviour and convergence of the market prices, long (short)-run profitability of the fundamental (trend following) trading strategy, survivability of chartists, and various under and over-reaction autocorrelation patterns of returns can be characterized by the stability and bifurcations of the underlying deterministic system. Our analysis underpins mechanism on various market behaviour (such as under/over-reactions), market dominance and stylized facts in high frequency financial markets.

本文的目的是运用较为严密的实证方法来考察和比较东亚危机前韩国、印度尼西亚、泰国等新兴市场国家和东亚危机后中国这一世人瞩 目的转型经济国家在开放过程中，国内产出和货币、信贷水准及其波动受到外部影响的特征。 通过引入非对称 “时变波动”(asymmetric time-varying volatility) 特征的二元EGARCH-VAR实证模型，论文得到了以下三个主要的结论：第一、虽然为维持名义汇率的稳定，各国政府都积极地干预外汇市场，由此影响了当期内外利差的收敛，但从动态发展的角度上看，包括中国在内的4个国家其金融的实际开放程度都在不断加大。第二、除90年代国际资本移动的鼎盛阶段以外，各国发生的经济波动并不是由外部冲击直接带来的，更多的是在开放经济的环境下国内经济的不确定因素所导致。第三、通过各国经济波动特征的比较，可以发现汇率制度、金融市场的开放程度以及资本市场的发展状况对经济波动有很大的影响。

It is commonly argued that poorly designed banking system safety nets are largely to blame for the frequency and severity of modern banking crises. For example, “underpriced” deposit insurance and/or low reserve requirement are often viewed as factors that encourages risk-taking by banks. In this paper, we study the effects of three policy variables: deposit insurance premia, reserve requirement and the way in which the costs of bank bailouts are financed. We show that when deposit insurance premia are low, the monetization of bank bailout costs may not be more inflationary than financing these costs out of general revenue. This is because, while monetizing the costs increases the inflation tax rate, higher levels of general taxation reduce savings, deposits, bank reserves, and the inflation tax base. Increasing the inflation tax rate obviously raises inflation, but so does an erosion of the inflation tax base. We also find that low deposit insurance premia or low reserve requirements may not be associated with a high rate of bank failure.

Numerous studies have shown that the simple random walk model outperforms all structural and time series models in forecasting the conditional mean of exchange rate changes. However, in many important applications, such as risk management, forecasts of the probability distribution of exchange rate changes are often needed. In this paper, we develop a nonparametric portmanteau evaluation procedure for out-of-sample density forecast and provide a comprehensive empirical study on the out-of-sample performance of a wide variety of time series models in forecasting the intraday probability density of two major exchange rates－Euro/Dollar and Yen/Dollar. We find that some nonlinear time series models provide better density forecast than the simple random walk model, although they underperform in forecasting the conditional mean. For Euro/Dollar, it is important to model heavy tails through a Student-t innovation and asymmetric time-varying conditional volatility through a regime-switching GARCH model for both in-sample and out-of-sample performance; modeling conditional mean and serial dependence in higher order moments (e.g.,conditional skewness), although important for in-sample performance, does not help out-of-sample density forecast. For Yen/Dollar, it is also important to model heavy tails and volatility clustering, and the best density forecast model is a RiskMetrics model with a Student-t innovation. As a simple application, we Þnd that the models that provide good density forecast generally provide good forecast of Value-at-Risk.

The short history and market segmentation characteristic of China stock markets not surprisingly make the market indicators behave in certain way. In this paper, we tabulate the belief that the regulatory and instrumental policy changes in China structurally break the market indices. This is proven and break points are detected with a focus on Shanghai Stock Exchange in the first part of this paper. Whereas, the stochastic trend nature of the market remains even when the structural breakpoints are detected and after it is tested against various kinds of deterministic trends. It, to some extent, implies the efficiency of Shanghai market with regards to unpredictability. The second part of this paper dedicates to analyzing the interaction between A and B share markets. As a contrast to the past literature, the change in trading volume of B share market is found to be a much more sensitive leading indicator to the change in A share market, in the sense of Granger causality with a VAR fashion. This finding may further reveal the unbalanced investor structure in A and B share markets.

This paper proposes a modification to Minority Game (MG) by adding some agents who play majority game into MG. So it is referred to as Mix-game. Through simulations, this paper finds out that the fluctuations of local volatilities change a lot by adding some agents who play majority game into MG, but the stylized features of MG don’t change obviously except agents with memory length 1 and 2. This paper also uses mix-game to model Shanghai stock market and to do prediction about Shanghai index.

In this paper, we develop an equilibrium model for market liquidity and its impact on asset prices when constant participation in the market is costly. We show that, even when agents' trading needs are perfectly matched, costly participation prevents them from synchronizing their trades, which gives rise to the need for liquidity. Moreover, the endogenous liquidity need, when it occurs, can lead to market crashes in absence of any aggregate shock. We also show that the lack of coordination among agents in the demand and the supply of liquidity generates negative externalities, and the loss in social welfare can out-weigh the savings on participation costs.

This paper proposes a closed form solution for pricing an American put option on a non-dividend paying stock. An American put option grants its holder rights, but not obligation to sell a stock in a fixed price at any time up until maturity. In the past decades, there is no closed form solution for pricing American options although many people made great efforts. In this paper, an optimally early exercise strategy of an American put option on a non-dividend paying stock is set up. That is, an American put option should be early-exercised when the maximum option premium of early exercise is no less than the value of its European counterpart; otherwise, it should not be early-exercised. Based on this strategy, a series of lemmas is proposed and a closed form formula is drawn. Also, this paper shows that Merton (1973)’s formula does not do a good job for pricing perpetual American put options and shows the price of a perpetual American put option on a non-dividend paying stock is equal to the strike price.