Despite strong GDP growth and a favourable demographic profile, India faces an impending jobs crisis. A large share of the workforce remains employed in lowproductivity agriculture, while many new labour market entrants are absorbed into the persistently large informal sector. By contrast, China's rapid ascent was driven by manufacturing-led, export-oriented industrialisation, underpinned by large inflows of foreign direct investment and sustained technology transfer. India's manufacturing base remains modest in contrast. The bulk of well-paid, formal employment continues to be concentrated in the high-skill services sector. This paper contrasts the development trajectories of these two economies and identifies several underutilised jobs-growth levers in India: manufacturing, goods exports, manufacturing-oriented foreign direct investment and innovation. All of these remain underdeveloped, yet together they offer a pathway to more labour-absorbing, durable growth. Leveraging them effectively would be central to achieving India's 'Viksit Bharat 2047' ambition of attaining high-income status. The scale of India's challenge to employ eight to ten million labour-market entrants per year implies that job creation must become an explicit policy priority. This calls for greater trade openness, particularly with Asia and Europe, to integrate India into Asia-centric global supply chains as an alternative to China. Labour market reform is equally critical, making the effective implementation of the new labour codes essential. Strengthening innovation ecosystems and realigning education and skills policies to support industrialisation are also key. Without these structural shifts, India's current pattern of jobless growth risks transforming its demographic dividend into a long-term liability.

Despite strong GDP growth and a favourable demographic profile, India faces an impending jobs crisis. A large share of the workforce remains employed in low-productivity agriculture, while many new labour market entrants are absorbed into the persistently large informal sector. By contrast, China’s rapid ascent was driven by manufacturing-led, export-oriented industrialisation, underpinned by large inflows of foreign direct investment and sustained technology transfer. India’s manufacturing base remains modest in contrast. The bulk of well-paid, formal employment continues to be concentrated in the high-skill services sector. This paper contrasts the development trajectories of these two economies and identifies several underutilised jobs-growth levers in India: manufacturing, goods exports, manufacturing-oriented foreign direct investment and innovation. All of these remain underdeveloped, yet together they offer a pathway to more labour-absorbing, durable growth. Leveraging them effectively would be central to achieving India’s ‘Viksit Bharat 2047’ ambition of attaining high-income status. The scale of India’s challenge to employ eight to ten million labour-market entrants per year implies that job creation must become an explicit policy priority. This calls for greater trade openness, particularly with Asia and Europe, to integrate India into Asia-centric global supply chains as an alternative to China. Labour market reform is equally critical, making the effective implementation of the new labour codes essential. Strengthening innovation ecosystems and realigning education and skills policies to support industrialisation are also key. Without these structural shifts, India’s current pattern of jobless growth risks transforming its demographic dividend into a long-term liability.

Small scale mining has always been part of life in Ghana, but its illegal form known as galamsey has grown into one of the country’s biggest problems. Galamsey gives work to many people, yet still it destroys rivers, forests and farms, leaving communities struggling to survive. This paper looks at the laws that guide small scale mining in Ghana, from the days of traditional mining, through the colonial period, the Small Scale Gold Mining Law of 1989, and the Minerals and Mining Act, 2006 (Act 703) as amended by Act 995. It explains how weak enforcement, corruption, political interference and the role of foreigners, especially some Chinese nationals, have made the laws less effective. The paper also shows, through recent court cases such as Republic v Fynn and Republic v Domotey and Others, that Ghana’s courts are ready to punish offenders when cases are well presented. The courts have given long prison terms and heavy fines, showing that they are not the weak link in the fight. The real problem is poor enforcement and selective justice, since many foreigners are deported instead of being put on trial. The paper argues that solving the galamsey problem needs strong enforcement, freedom from political interference, the setting up of special environmental courts, and better job opportunities for rural communities. With these steps, Ghana can protect the environment while also supporting its people to make a living in lawful ways.

This paper examines whether employees avoid firms that commit environmental, social and governance (ESG) misconduct in China where ESG norms are weak. We find that the number of employees grows slower when firms have more ESG incidents after accounting for performance, risk, corporate governance, and time-invariant firm characteristics. The result is mostly attributable to social incidents and incidents that affect China, better educated knowledge workers, and high tech and non-labor-intensive industries, and is unlikely to be caused by layoffs. Overall, workers with better job fluidity respond to incidents that affect them personally.

The 2008 Labor Contract Law of China stipulates that all employment relationships must be covered by a written labor contract. This regulation considerably strengthened employment protection for workers. Using a unique longitudinal dataset, the China Labor-force Dynamics Survey (2012, 2014, and 2016 waves), this article estimates the impact of the formal contractualization of labor relations on workers’ labor market outcomes, social insurance participation, and job satisfaction. We find that gaining a labor contract was strongly associated with an increase in salary, a decrease in working overtime hours, and greater participation in unemployment and pension insurances. In terms of job satisfaction, workers who gained a labor contract reported being less satisfied with their workplace environment and income than they had anticipated. This finding suggests that workers had higher expectations from the benefits gained through contractualization, than what they actually derived.

Previousresearch on internal mobility has neglected the role of local identity contrary to studies analyzing international migration. Examining social identity and labor market outcomes in China, the country with the largest internal mobility in the world, closes the gap. Instrumental variable estimation and careful robustness checks suggest that identifying as local associates with higher migrants’ hourly wages and lower hours worked, although monthly earnings seem to remain largely unchanged. Migrants with strong local identity are more likely to use local networks in job search, and to obtain jobs with higher average wages and lower average hours worked, suggesting the value of integration policies.

Do firms adjust their hiring decisions after receiving environmental punishments? Using data on over 4.3 million job postings for Chinese listed firms from 2015 to 2021, we find that firms subjected to environmental punishments will subsequently increase their corporate green hiring (i.e., employees with green skills). Pressure from local environmental concerns and regulatory efforts incentivizes firms to increase their demand for employees with green skills. Environmental punishments have a more pronounced effect on corporate green hiring for non-state-owned enterprises and firms with lower financial constraints. Moreover, green hiring can have a remediation effect on firms' environmental performance and stimulate their green innovation activities and spillover effects on other firms within the industry. Overall, our findings shed light on corporate hiring decisions under environmental regulations.

This paper uses the China Household Income Project 2018 dataset to estimate returns to education for various Hukou-migration subgroups. We overcome the endogeneity problem of years of schooling using an instrument based on the Great Expansion of Higher Education policy. Our results indicate that the highest returns are for urban native workers (27.4%), followed by urban Hukou-converted (25.0%) and rural native workers (14.7%). In contrast, the returns to education for rural-urban migrant workers are insignificant. Further analyses suggest that Hukou conversion significantly increased the returns to education for rural-origin people by enabling them access to better job opportunities.

As China’s population ages, more older workers are participating in the labor market, including a significant number of older migrant workers moving to urban areas. However, surprisingly little research has been done on their destination city and employment patterns. This paper addresses this gap by investigating the impact of city-level and industry specialization on the employment prospects of older migrant workers. Using both individual- and city-level data, we find that unlike prime-age migrant workers, older migrant workers have higher employment probabilities in relatively less-developed lower-tier Chinese cities than in better-developed high-tier cities like Shanghai, Beijing, Shenzhen, or Guangzhou. This phenomenon is driven by industry specialization, particularly in the construction sector, which fosters a dense labor market and facilitates higher job-finding rates. Additionally, construction firms and real estate developers in lower-tier cities are more willing to offer better wages than those in high-tier cities, which aligns with older migrant workers’ relatively moderate education profile and wage preferences over housing costs.

Background and objective:In southern China, in 2021, there have been being in hot Summer in more than 67 cities, counties or areas, with the hot temperature 30 degrees Celsius and more than 30 degrees Celsius with the highest as 34 degrees Celsius.After the Chinese lunar year and the 24 Solar Term, the beginning of winter has passed 5 days. And there have 23 cities, counties or areas which the temperature have reached the highest 34 degrees Celsius. Which all are rare in the weather history in China in the aspects of the highest temperature as 34 degrees Celsius and in large part of southern China in early Winter. As the World Health Organization, the United Nations and the world have been striving for preventing and curing the climate changes. And have been paying special attention to the health impacts by the climate changes. In China, after the history hottest Summer suffered from by the Chinese in 2022. The Chinese have been continuing to suffer from the hottest temperature like Summer in the early winter. So the weather in China is not normal comparing to the post years. And it is sure that the climate changes impacts on Chinese in China in 2022 have been evidenced. As I have been being a senior doctor treating and preventing patients and promoting the public health more than 35 years. I have the duty and the motive to do something to prevent and cure the climate changes and their impacts on public health. So in this research I especially create and propose a new draft law, the China climate changes prevention law, to speed, administrate and guard China doing well in preventing climate changes in China and the world. Methods: Summarized the public health promotion and environment protection in China and in author own doing. Referenced the present new situation of climate changes in China and the world. Created the China climate changes prevention law in draft and in central strategies. Results: The China climate changes prevention law in central strategies as follows: 1.In order to prevent and cure the climate changes and their impacts on public health and mankind, the China climate changes prevention law must be created as soon as possible. 2.All Chinese people and every government department and any unit must pay special attention to the climate changes and their impacts on public health and mankind. And must be consider it as the first doing job among the all works in any unit. 3.China own scientific research must be done as early as possible and as deeply as possible to find the etiology and mechanism of the climate changes and their impacts on public health and mankind. When the etiology and mechanism research have gained achievements. The application must be done as soon as possible. 4.The present achievements of etiology and mechanism of the climate changes and their impacts on public health and mankind must be applied as soon as possible. 5.All the policies of the United Nations and its organizations for controlling the climate changes must be signed and applied totally and completely as soon as possible. 6.China should be the leader of controlling the climate changes in the world. The significant China strategies must be contributed to the world for controlling the climate changes as soon as possible as China is the biggest country in population. 7.From birth and kindergarten to the time before death,the knowledge of environment protection and climate changes prevention, cure must be educated constantly to every Chinese. 8.The precondition for organizing any new unit and old unit must pass the exam of climate changes prevention. The concrete policies must be created and documented. 9.All over the China, the inspection stations must be built to monitor the climate changes wrongly doing. 10.Regulations and their process must be built to punish any anti law doers who promote the the climate changes. Also, reward any people and units who have contributed significantly to the prevention of climate changes. 11.Cooperation with internationals must be indispensable. 12.As the village of the Earth, open policies must be built to let internationals to inspect, learn,study and cooperation,etc. in China. 13.As the climate changes impacts on the Chinese and the mankind, the medical support, research, prevention, treatment, education and other health promotion policies must be created and built to protect the Chinese and the mankind from harming by the climate changes. The universities, hospitals, institutes should operate the climate changes impacts medical science. 14.Summarizing the doings of the climate changes prevention constantly to make progress further. 15.Liberating the thoughts of the leaders and the ordinary people, throwing away any selfish doing of only pursuing own country economic development at the price of world climate changes impact worse in the Earth and the space. Conclusion: The China climate changes prevention law in draft comes from the candid invention of the author by summarized the present situation of climate changes impacts in China and the world. The 15 paragraphs of the new China climate changes prevention law is valuable, as up to now, China has not built this kind of law. This proposal of the new China climate changes prevention law is worthwhile to referenced by China lawmakers, world countries lawmakers, the UN and its organizations and related others.