We examine the effect of minority shareholder voting rights on labor investment efficiency using a sample of Chinese firms. Taking advantage of the difference-in-difference setting, our study reveals that the expansion of minority shareholder voting rights has a detrimental effect on labor investment efficiency. Through analysis of holding period and a managerial shortsightedness index based on textual analysis, we find that this outcome can be attributed to the fact that minority shareholders typically prioritize short-term gains over long-term corporate growth. Moreover, the impact of voting power is more pronounced in determining the investment efficiency of rank-andfileemployees. Our results are more significant for firms that face severe financial constraints, are non-state-owned enterprises, exhibit lower levels of internal control, possess fewer female managers, demonstrate lower human capital quality and higher labor intensity. Taken together, our paper suggests that minority shareholders could be myopia in making labor decisions.

We investigate the unintended real effects of regulator-led minority shareholder activism on corporate innovation. We use manually collected data from the China Securities Investor Services Center (CSISC), a novel regulatory investor protection institution controlled by the China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRC) that holds 100 shares of every listed firm. We find that by exercising its shareholder rights, the CSISC substantially curtails the innovation output of targeted firms. This effect is amplified in cases involving a high level of myopic pressure and few innovation incentives. We further observe variation in the real effects of different intervention methods. Textual analysis reveals that CSISC intervention with a myopic topic and negative tone contributes to a decrease in innovation. The results of a mechanism analysis support the hypothesis that regulator-led minority shareholder activism induces managerial myopia and financial constraints, impeding corporate innovation. Furthermore, CSISC intervention not only diminishes innovation output but also undermines innovation efficiency. In summary, our findings suggest that regulator-led minority shareholder activism exacerbates managerial myopia to cater to investors and financial constraints, ultimately stifling corporate innovation.

This study investigates whether common auditors have an impact on firms’ green innovation. Using a sample of Chinese listed firms, we find the common auditor ties to firms with green patents are positively related to focal firms’ green innovation. When examining underlying mechanisms behind such effects, we observe that our main findings are more profound for focal firms with more opaque information, communicating with auditors intensively and audited by senior auditors, which indicates information sharing serves as the plausible mechanism. Cross-sectionally, our findings are more remarkable for non-SOEs, firms with lower financial constraints, firms located in regions with environmental courts, local auditors, auditors with green auditing abilities and firms in the same industry. Further analysis suggests that the common auditor ties to firms with green patents can further improve focal firms’ environmental performance and green patent citations, which in turn boosts market share of involved audit firms. Overall, we document that common auditors have a positive spillover regarding green innovation to connected clients through transferring valuable green expertise in a legitimate way.

This paper examines the relationship between population aging and corporate digital transformation from the perspective of demographic changes. Generally, the findings indicate that population aging notably contributes to corporate digital transformation, mainly through increasing labor costs, including expected and actual labor costs. Further analysis suggests that the above effects are significantly weakened in samples of firms with lower levels of regional intellectual property protection, higher corporate financial constraints, and shorter-sighted managerial decision-making. Moreover, the economic consequences test implies aforementioned favorable effects can enhance corporate total factor productivity.

This study examines how localized carbon reduction policies affect corporate green productivity. Leveraging a quasi-experiment from China’s low-carbon pilot rollout across cities, we find that these interventions significantly increased polluting firms’ green productivity. The gains persisted over time and were greater for firms with higher financial constraints, lower market competition, and lower capital intensity. Textual analysis reveals enhanced executive environmental cognition as a plausible channel. Overall, the results provide robust evidence that well-designed local regulations can achieve a win-win outcome of lower emissions and higher efficiency.

Taking China Pilot Free Trade Zone (PFTZ) as a new perspective of institutional environment optimization, this paper investigates its impact on corporate ESG performance. We find that the PFTZ positively enhances corporate ESG performance, which remains robust after various checks. The mechanism analysis shows that improving corporate environmental protection capacity and management efficiency are the main channels while strengthening labor protection and easing financial constraints can enhance the positive effect. Moreover, the positive effect of the PFTZ on corporate ESG performance is more pronounced in coastal regions, the service sector, and state-owned enterprises (SOEs).

This paper investigates the varying impact of government subsidies on corporate investment efficiency using micro-level data from Chinese listed firms. Through meticulous compilation of information on government subsidies revealed in financial statements, and the implementation of an innovative categorization methodology based on the nature and timing of funds (ex-ante versus ex-post), we shed light on the divergent effects of these subsidies. Our findings are as follows: (1) Government subsidies enhance corporate investment efficiency, yet their effects exhibit asymmetry by alleviating underinvestment while exacerbating overinvestment. (2) Functional subsidies exert a stronger influence on investment efficiency compared to selective subsidies. Specifically, functional subsidies prove more effective in addressing underinvestment, but also possess a higher likelihood of exacerbating overinvestment. (3) State ownership, firm size and dividend payments lead to heterogeneity in the effects of subsidies. (4) Corporate financial constraints serve as one of the mechanisms through which subsidies affect investment efficiency. This suggests that firms with easier access to financing may not effectively utilize subsidies, while those facing severe financial constraints are less prone to misusing them.

This study investigates the relationship between ESG (environmental, social, and governance) ratings and labor share at the firm level. Using data from Chinese A-share listed firms from 2011 to 2021, we find a significantly positive relationship between the two. Furthermore, we document that state-owned enterprises do not demonstrate a strong sense of political and social responsibility in their employee recruitment projects, while companies with high ESG ratings in East China could increase their labor share due to less stringent financial constraints. Finally, the employment-creation effect of ESG ratings is one of the important channels for improving labor share. Considering the increasing awareness of ESG concepts and the boom in ESG investing, our findings hold significant relevance for employees, directors, investors, and public policymakers.

We estimate the financial and real effects of a subsidy program on imported capital goods recently implemented in China. We identify ffrms that have access to the subsidy program by combining data on catalogues of eligible products periodically released by the government and product-level import data. Our findings demonstrate that following the implementation of the program, eligible firms experience an increase in borrowing and gain access to loans at lower interest rates compared to non-eligible firms. This improved financial situation enables them to expand their fixed-asset investments, increase total output, and enhance their export performance. The expansion of production capacity also leads to improved investment efffciency and greater profitability. Further analysis reveals that the effects of the policy are particularly pronounced for non-state-owned enterprises and small firms in relatively competitive industries. This finding suggests that these firms face ex-ante financial constraints, and their marginal rate of return to capital is large.

We provide firm-level evidence on the real effects of shadow banking in terms of technological innovation. Firm-to-firm entrusted loans, the largest part of the shadow banking sector in China, enhance the borrowers’ innovation output. The effects are more prominent when the borrowers are subject to severer financial constraints, information asymmetry, and takeover exposures. A plausible underlying channel is capital reallocations from less productive but easy-financed lender firms to more innovative but financially less-privileged borrower firms. Our paper suggests that shadow banking helps correct bank credit misallocations and thus serves as a second-best market design in financing the real economy.