This paper develops an SOE (small open economy) dynamic general equilibrium model to study the impact of climate change on the current account. By calibrating the model to Chinese economy, we find the following results. First, the current account-output ratio improves in the first decade following an increase in global temperature caused by climate change. It then deteriorates in the following next three decades. Second, the overall current account-output ratio dynamics in response to climate change is neither affected by the types and stringency of climate policies, nor by the levels and growth rates of temperature increases. Third, the impact of an increase in temperature from 1.28 ℃ to 1.5 ℃ relative to the pre-industrial periods (1850-1900) on the current account-output ratio is equivalent to that of an approximate 0.14% permanent decline in TFP. Finally, although the current account-output ratio is likely to deteriorate in the first year when temperature increases instantly, it might not be true if the coefficient of relative risk aversion, or interest rate premium is larger, or debt sensitivity to interest rate is smaller.

In the context of technological competition and international trade, a country may attempt to influence a rival’s innovation efforts and use trade and innovation policies to gain at another’s expense. In a multi-country, multi-sector, dynamic model with endogenous technology accumulation through R&D innovation, we show that there is an additional incentive (beyond conventional terms of trade considerations) for Home to shift its demand for particular foreign goods and in turn affect foreign’s innovation efforts. We derive explicit expressions for optimal policies under an efficient baseline case, and general results for a wide range of specifications. In a dynamic setting, Ramsey optimal policies do not distort domestic R&D efforts if a country can commit to a schedule of trade policies, but time consistent policies employ both innovation and trade policies to implement the optimal foreign allocation, viewed from the Home country’s perspective.

This paper sheds new light on the external and domestic dimension of China's exchange rate policy. It presents an open economy model to analyze both dimensions of macroeconomic adjustment in China under both flexible and fixed exchange rate regimes. The model-based results indicate that persistent current account surpluses in China cannot be rationalized, under general circumstances, by the occurrence of permanent technology or labor supply shocks. As a result, the understanding of the macroeconomic adjustment process in China requires to mimic the effects of potential inefficiencies, which induce the subdued response of domestic absorption to permanent income shocks causing thereby the observed positive unconditional correlation of trade balance and output. The paper argues that these inefficiencies can be potentially seen as a by-product of the fixed exchange rate regime, and can be approximated by a stochastic tax on domestic consumption or time varying transaction cost technology related to money holdings. Our results indicate that a fixed exchange regime with financial market distortions, as defined above, might induce negative effects on GDP growth in the medium-term compared to a more flexible exchange rate regime.

内容提要：本文在介绍泰勒规则产生、内涵、发展的基础上，利用Lawrence模型将汇率因素引入，构建了开放经济条件下的前瞻性泰勒规则。实证结果表明：泰勒规则能够为中国货币政策提供一个很好的参照系；相对于物价稳定目标，央行更关注经济增长；将微观主体的预期和汇率因素引入到货币政策时，央行对利率的敏感性增强；继续推动利率和汇率体制改革能更有效地提高泰勒规则的解释力；“前瞻性泰勒规则”能提高中国货币政策透明度； Abstract: This paper introduce the origination、connotation and development of Taylor’s rule. On this basis, we then contrast the forward looking Taylor’s rule in an open economy by employing a model from Lawrence (1999).The empirical analysis indicates that: Taylor’s rule provides us a frame of reference in policy making; Central bank prefer “economic growth” to “price stability”; when considering the effect of public expectation and exchange rate, central bank pay more attention to price stability; exchange rate and interest rate regime reformation would increase the explanation of Taylor’s rule; the forward looking Taylor’s rule could enhance the transparency of monetary policy.

本文首先建立两部门内生增长开放经济的动态模型，然后在此基础上将其发展为一个中国加入世贸组织的不可逆性决策的随机微分数学模型。通过求出该随机问题的最优解，从而得出中国加入世贸的最佳时机，同时也讨论了加快或减慢中国入世的相关因素。 This paper develops a simple theoretical open economy model to analysis the irreversible decision of China’s accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO). From the optimal solution of a stochastic differential equation based on the option theory in financial economics, it derived the optimal timing for China’s entry into the WTO and discussed what factors that may speed up or slow down the entry.

Firms, which trade in today’s open economy often involved multi-currency transactions, will have their stock returns influenced by traded transaction currencies variations. Frequently, these firms also use derivatives for either active (hedging and speculative) or passive (hedging) currency risk management. It is therefore nontrivial to analyse empirically for these firms the relationship between stock return, currency risk exposure, and the motive of their derivatives use. This paper aims to test the relationships, via a two-factor market return model, which is based on the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (Ross, 1976). Descriptive and Inferential statistical tests are implemented on published accounting data (cross sectional and time series) for 69 Australian listed firms excluding non-financial institutions. Statistical test results reveal that there is a weak positive relationship between stock return and currency risk exposure level. The test results also suggest a negative relationship between the currency risk level and the motive (either hedging, speculative or both) of derivatives use. These findings are consistent with the modern finance theory.