This paper deals with the option-pricing problem. In the first part of the paper we study in more details the discrete setting of the option-pricing problem usually referred to as the binomial scheme. We highlight basic differences between the old and the new approaches. The main qualitative distinction of the new pricing approach from either binomial or Black Scholes’s is that it represents the option price as a stochastic process. This stochastic interpretation can not give straightforward advantage for an investor due to stochastic setting of the pricing problem. The new approach explicitly states that the options price is more risky than represented by binomial scheme or Black Scholes theory. Continuous setting will be considered in the second part of the paper following [1]. One significant conclusion follows from the new model. It states that there is no sense in using either neutral probabilities or ‘neutral world’ applications for options valuation either theoretically or numerically. Recall that after the Black Scholes’ publication [2] the ‘simplified’ approach named later binomial scheme was introduced in [3]. In this paper referring to the historical tradition we first represent discrete scheme. In several examples we discuss two-period plain vanilla option valuation. Then we extend the discrete scheme applications to an exotic option-pricing referred to as a compound option. The compound option in Black Scholes setting was first studied in [4] and then in [5,6]. To highlight the difference between stochastic and deterministic option price definitions note that if a deterministic value is interpreted as a perfect or fair price we can comment that the stochastic interpretation provides this number or any other with the probability that real world option value at maturity will be bellow chosen number. This probability is a pricing risk of the option. Thus with an investor’s motivation of the option pricing the stochastic approach gives information about the risk taking. The investor analyzing option price and corresponding risk makes a decision to purchase the option or not. As far as this paper presents alternative point on option pricing it might be useful to present a short history of this development. Recall that according the US law institutions must provide clients by the risk information regarding client’s prospective on their investments. This circumstance implies importance new approach measuring risk of investments. Different parts of this paper were submitted and sent to journals, conferences, and prominent professors. The third part of the paper was sent to Federal Reserve from the Congressman office and simple examples showing drawbacks of the benchmark option valuation method were submitted to SEC in August 2002.

股指期货是20世纪80年代发展起来的新型投资工具，具有价格发现、规避风险、投机、套利等功能，能够有效完善证券市场的功能与机制。尽管受到1987年美国股市崩溃的影响而陷于为期近两年的停滞阶段，但90年代以来，随着网络革命的兴起和全球资本市场一体化以及机构投资者的崛起，股指期货已经成为全球金融衍生品市场中最具活力的组成部分，在国际金融市场中的地位与作用越来越重要。随着中国证券市场规模的不断扩大和机构投资者的成长以及实施QFII之后，对通过股指期货等金融创新工具来推动市场深化的要求日益迫切。本文考察了推出中国股指期货的现实需求、分析了股指期货对现货市场的影响及其与国际股灾的关系，最后提出了目前发展中国股指期货的对策建议。

? LCAPM (基于流动性风险的CAPM模型) 是Acharya and Pedersen (2005) 提出的，它将流动性风险可能影响资产价格多种方式纳入一个统一框架。本文利用LCAPM对中国股市进行检验，在该模型中，证券的收益依赖于它的期望流动性及其与收益(包括个股与市场收益)之间的协方差。检验结果发现，我国股市的风险升水在大盘升降区间体现了不同的特征；无论在总区间还是分时段，LCAPM 都能更好的拟合资产收益；进一步的稳健性检验依然得到同样结论。这说明流动性在我国股市的资产定价上有重要影响。

We investigate how the market for corporate control (external governance) and shareholder activism (internal governance) interact. Looking at equity prices from 1990 to 2001, we find that these mechanisms are strong complements. A portfolio that buys firms with the highest level of takeover vulnerability and shorts firms with the lowest level of takeover vulnerability generates an annualized abnormal return of 10 - 15% only when public pension fund (blockholder) ownership is high as well. A similar portfolio created to mimic the importance of internal governance generates annualized abnormal returns of 8%, though only in the presence of ‘high’ vulnerability to takeovers. Further, we show that the complementary relation exists for firms with lower industry-adjusted leverage and is stronger for smaller firms. The complementary relation is confirmed using accounting measures of profitability. Using data on acquisitions, firm level Q’s and accounting performance, we explore possible interpretations, providing preliminary evidence for a risk effect as well.

游程检验是检验股价变化相关性的方法之一，通常用来检验市场的弱式有效性。本文首先介绍了游程检验的基本方法和原理，然后根据我国股市交易制度的变化，将我国股市发展分为三个阶段，运用游程检验分别对三个阶段股市的弱式有效性进行了检验。得出结论为：自92年5月起，我国股市基本达到弱式有效，且股市有效性在不断加强。

Using a new statistical procedure suitable to test efficient market hypothesis in presence of volatility clustering, we find significant evidence against the weak form of efficient market hypothesis for both Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets, although they have become more efficient at the later stage. We also find that Share A markets are more efficient than Share B markets, but there is no clear evidence on which stock market, Shanghai or Shenzhen, is more efficient. These findings are robust to volatility clustering, a key feature of high-frequency financial time series. They have important implications on predictability of stock returns and on efficacy of capital asset pricing and allocation in Chinese economy.

本文的目的是根据国际贸易中价格传递效应的理论(孙立坚等,2003a)，通过考察中、日、美三国间进出口价格的相互影响来检验是否存在所谓中国“通缩出口”的现象。为了使检验结果更具有统计意义上的稳健性(robustness)，论文除了保留自己前期研究方法上的特色以外(孙立坚、江彦,2003)，如：工具变量(IV)、一般矩(GMM)、ARIMA预测等，还根据结构变化检验(Chow Test)的结果，将上述的这些方法分阶段来运用，同时，又进一步利用体系转换模型(Regime Switching Model)来考察受货币政策影响的三种价格环境的制约作用。另外，对冲击反应函数(VMA)又做了因素确定的方差分解(Variance Decomposition)，从而使得价格传递效应的动态特征被揭示得更为明显和更为充分。 鉴于上述比较严密的实证方法，我们得到了两个重要的政策含义：首先，主张中国“通缩出口”论是基于传统的“支出转移效应”的宏观分析视角，但忽略了进出口企业的定价能力(PTM)等微观要素，所以，这种主张不符合数据反映的现实情况。其次，一国的货币政策可以通过稳定国内的物价环境来制约汇率和外国价格对本国价格的传递效应(Taylor’s rule)，这一点在美国表现得尤为突出。

2006年中国股市将处于熊市的最后挣扎阶段，下半年至年底是投资大机会来临的时候，由于市场利益各方无法达成共识，市场中也不可能出现一呼百应的投资理念，因此，市场信心的恢复和牛市的出现要到2007年初。

We try to explain the severe under-pricing of 523 A-share IPOs in the Chinese markets from 1997 to 2001 using institutional characteristics, absolute value, and relative value of IPO. We find that relative values of IPO are critical determinants of the severe under-pricing of A-share IPOs in China. We also find that relaxing government regulation of offering price increases under-pricing, and thus conclude that the severe under-pricing of A-share IPOs in China is not caused by the government regulation of offering price. We propose a relative value theory to explain why relaxing government regulation of offering price results in higher under-pricing and find some support for the theory.

本文以个股月平均收益率、β值、总风险、夏普比率和特雷诺比率为衡量指标，以中国上海股市高科技板块1997年到2000年的数据作为样本总体，先根据专家推荐法与因子旋转法认定庄股，再以实证数据测算了在特定时期内投资庄股的价值，本文认定投资庄股比投资非庄股更有理性，因为这些股票具有更高的平均收益率和单位风险溢价补偿，所以可能是理性投资。但这些庄股的本性决定了散户投资者从中获利的概率非常小，所以投资悖论在于有利的投资机会的存在与投资收益无法实现的矛盾。