Portfolio underdiversification is one of the most costly losses accumulated over a household’s life cycle. We provide new evidence on the impact of financial inclusion services on households’ portfolio choice and investment efficiency using 2015, 2017, and 2019 survey data for Chinese households. We hypothesize that higher financial inclusion penetration encourages households to participate in the financial market, leading to better portfolio diversification and investment efficiency. The results of the baseline model are consistent with our proposed hypothesis that higher accessibility to financial inclusion encourages households to invest in risky assets and increases investment efficiency. We further estimate a dynamic double machine learning model to quantitatively investigate the non-linear causal effects and track the dynamic change of those effects over time. We observe that the marginal effect increases over time, and those effects are more pronounced among low-asset, less-educated households and those located in non-rural areas, except for investment efficiency for high-asset households.

This study investigates the impact of analysts' information source diversity on forecast bias and investment returns. We combine the GPT-4o model and text similarity, to extract the names of information sources from the text of analyst in-depth reports. Using 349,200 sources, we calculate information diversity scores based on the variety of data sources to measure analysts’ ability of selecting relevant information. The findings reveal that higher information diversity significantly reduces forecast bias and enhances portfolio returns. The effect is particularly pronounced for large companies, state-owned enterprises, those with low analyst coverage, low firm-specific experience, and reports with positive forecast revisions. Institutional investors recognize the value of this skill, while retail investors remain largely unaware, which contributes to financial inequality. This study highlights the critical role of information diversity in analyst performance.

This study assesses the impact of China’s Green Credit Guidelines (GCG) 2012 on the quality of firms’ green innovation and their financial asset allocations. While examining patent applications and grants, our findings reveal that, although the GCG 2012 led to a significant increase in green patent applications, its influence on granted patents, especially in the invention category, was minimal. This highlights a discrepancy between innovation intent and quality, suggesting that highpolluting enterprises (HPEs) prioritize rapid policy compliance rather than substantial environmental improvements. However, HPEs seem to prioritize liquidity over long-term financialization, potentially indicating enhanced credit allocation efficiency.

We investigate the impact of financial geographic density on corporate financial asset holdings in emerging market. We proxy for financial geographic density by calculating the number of financial institutions around a firm within a certain radius based on the geographic distance between the firm and financial institutions. Using data on publicly listed A-share firms in China from 2011 to 2021, we find that financial geographic density has a positive impact on nonfinancial firms’ financial asset investments, especially for the firms located in regions with a larger number of banking depository financial institutions or facing greater market competition. An increase in the number of financial institutions surrounding firms increases corporate financial asset holdings by alleviating information asymmetry. Moreover, we document that Fintech has little impact on the relationship between financial geographic density and corporate financial asset holdings. As the rise of financial geographic density, firms hold more financial assets for precautionary motives, which contribute to corporate innovation.

统筹金融开放和安全是构建高水平开放型金融新体制的基本要求。本文以美国货币政策为切入点，先从实证角度分析美国加息对我国产出的影响，然后构建包含跨境金融关联的两国DSGE模型，定量分析美国货币政策的溢出效应及应对之策。研究发现，美国加息1个百分点使中国产出下降约0.4个百分点，其中贸易渠道和金融渠道分别使中国产出下降0.2个百分点。分析作用机制发现，UIP偏离机制使金融中介净值波动和汇率波动相互强化，外部融资溢价机制使金融中介净值波动和企业净值波动相互强化，正是这两个机制放大了美国货币政策的外溢效应。进一步研究发现，金融开放度越高和汇率越缺乏弹性，美国加息冲击对我国变量的传导效应越显著。基于不同的福利函数特征，本文构建了统一的政策评估框架，对宏观审慎政策和双支柱调控应对美国加息冲击的有效性作出了精准评估。结果表明，无论是针对国内金融机构信贷监管的宏观审慎政策还是针对跨境资本流动和外汇相关的宏观审慎政策，均能降低美国加息的溢出效应，且宏观审慎政策有效性与汇率制度无关。在联合最优政策组合下，货币政策无需对名义汇率作出反应，外汇市场要强化价格调控淡化数量干预。在货币政策和宏观审慎政策相互协调搭配下，双支柱调控通过维护经济金融稳定具有显著的社会福利增进效应。本文为构建高水平开放型金融新体制，以金融高质量发展加快推进中国式现代化提供了政策启示。

摘要：本文首先简略分析了股票市场定价的发展，认为当今金融市场的股票定价方式没有完全反应市场交易博弈的核心信息。在金融和商品全球化的时代下，应以复杂经济的动力学视角来看世界，以均衡博弈为新框架理论来观察和度量金融市场的交易，促成新的股票交易理论和技术体系。以股票买卖交易为例，当我们将时间因素抽出去，将交易额与成交价格构造形成一个序列集，在本文提出的中式棋盘格坐标系中，利用复杂系统的粗粒化提升法，将成交额的序列数逐个累加，回归成买卖交易的两条单调调递增曲线，然后求解到买卖曲线交点，这个交点所对应的价格就是均衡博弈价格，均衡博弈定价是一个二维的指标，它不仅有大小而且有方向（涨跌），这个博弈交点能够通过非线性动力学方程推导证明出它是均衡条件下博弈的一个非稳定点。由此，股票市场的定价方式从当前以统计平均的中间值法，蜕变发展为以复杂系统的动力的方法。 均衡博弈定价方式能够衍生出很多股票交易的指标，如：日线、周线、月线等，但是最基础最有代表性的有两个，一个是“引”用ϕ表示，代表当天交易的涨跌和优势占比，这是一个表示股票买卖双方博弈形成的一个平衡的稳定点。另一个是“势”用λ表示，代表一只股票涨跌的趋势，它是一个股票买卖动力学指标，表明股市是一个耗散系统，当股票买卖趋向一致时，这个指标会收敛至一个常数0.666~0.625的区间。本文中也给出了博弈定价的应用实例，讨论了棋盘格坐标，复杂系统在金融其它方面的引用也做了探讨。

This paper investigates whether increased female representation on corporate boards affects firms’ bond financing costs. Exploiting the 2017 Big Three’s campaigns as a plausibly exogenous shock, we document that firms experiencing larger increases in female board representation, induced by the campaigns, experience significant reductions in bond yield spreads and improvements in credit ratings. We identify reduced leverage and enhanced workplace environment as key mechanisms, and show that the effects are stronger among firms with greater tail risk and information asymmetry. An alternative identification strategy based on California’s SB 826 regulatory mandate yields consistent results. Our findings suggest that board gender diversity enhances governance in ways valued by credit markets.

This study identifies an incentive-compatible mechanism to foster individual environmental engagement. Utilizing a dataset comprising 100,000 randomly selected users of Ant Forest—a prominent personal carbon accounting platform embedded within Alipay, China's leading BigTech super-app—we provide causal evidence that individuals strategically engage in eco-friendly behaviors to enhance their credit limits, particularly when approaching borrowing constraints. These behaviors not only illustrate the green nudging effect of BigTech but also generate value for the platform by leveraging individual green actions as soft information, thereby improving the efficiency of credit allocation. Using a structural model, we estimate an annual green value of 427.52 million US dollars generated by linking personal carbon accounting with BigTech credit. We also show that the incentive-based mechanism surpasses green mandates and subsidies in improving consumer welfare and overall societal welfare. Our findings highlight the role of an incentive-aligned approach, such as integrating personal carbon accounts into credit reporting frameworks, in addressing environmental challenges.

This study examines how classified boards affect workplace safety, an important dimension of employee welfare. Using comprehensive establishment-level injury data from the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration and a novel classified board database, we document that firms with classified boards experience 12-13% lower workplace injury rates. To establish causality, we employ instrumental variable and difference-in-differences approaches exploiting staggered board declassifications. The safety benefits of classified boards operate through increased safety expenditures, reduced employee workloads, and enhanced external monitoring through analyst coverage. These effects are strongest in financially constrained firms and those with weaker monitoring mechanisms. Our findings support the bonding hypothesis that anti-takeover provisions facilitate long-term value creation by protecting stakeholder relationships and provide novel evidence that classified boards benefit rank-and-file employees, not just executives and major customers. The results reveal an important mechanism through which governance structures impact employee welfare and challenge the conventional view that classified boards primarily serve managerial entrenchment.

要建立“长钱长投”的投资者市场，企业优质的文本披露必不可少。本文基于政企双向利益交换视角，利用深度学习技术（Word2Vec模型）构建年报文本可读性指标，检验寻租行为对企业年报文本可读性的影响。研究发现，寻租行为显著降低了企业年报文本可读性。在机制分析阶段，研究证明了寻租行为会通过企业自利行为和管理者自利行为影响年报文本可读性，同时排除了官员主动敲诈能促进寻租对可读性负面影响的情况。异质性分析发现，内部治理手段、市场监督力量以及政府治理政策均能有效抑制寻租对可读性的负面影响。本文从信息披露视角拓展了寻租行为的经济后果研究，为优化资本市场信息披露监管和深化反腐治理提供了理论依据与实践启示。