We examined reference point adaptation following gains or losses in security trading using participants from China, Korea, and the US. In both questionnaire studies and trading experiments with real money incentives, reference point adaptation was larger for Asians than for Americans. Subjects in all countries adapted their reference points more after a gain than after an equal-sized loss. When we introduced a forced sale intervention that is designed to close the mental account for a prior outcome, Americans showed greater adaptation toward the new price than their Asian counterparts. We offer possible explanations both for the cross-cultural similarities and the cross-cultural differences.

America and China have different cultures. For example, Chinese culture emphasizes the group, while American culture emphasizes the individual. Chinese culture emphasizes integration, while American culture emphasizes analysis. In addition, there are differences in customs, religious beliefs, and nonverbal communication between the United States and China. This article examines the cultural differences between China and the United States in historical geography, traditional thought, cognitive systems, and language. In the following, I will explain and discuss the reasons for the cultural differences between China and America. The author hopes this article will be helpful for readers interested in cultural differences between China and the United States and global trade exchanges. [译]美国和中国拥有截然不同的文化。例如，中国文化强调集体，而美国文化则重视个体；中国文化注重综合，而美国文化则倾向于分析。此外，在风俗、宗教信仰以及非言语沟通方面，美国和中国之间也存在差异。本文从历史地理、传统思想、认知系统和语言等多个角度探讨了中美两国之间的文化差异。在下文中，我将解释并讨论中美文化差异产生的原因。作者希望本文能对那些对中美文化差异和全球贸易交流感兴趣的读者有所帮助。

Employee helping behavior is a critical aspect of organizational behavior that has been studied extensively in the literature. This study provides an integrative review and research agenda for exploring the determinants of employee helping behavior. The study addresses the current state of knowledge on the determinants of employee helping behavior, the strengths and limitations of existing theories, methods, and findings in this field of research, and avenues for future research. The study identifies the importance of considering individual and situational factors, leadership behavior and communication, recognition and reward programs, and creating a positive and supportive work environment for promoting and managing employee helping behavior in organizations. Future research directions include further examination of specific determinants, examination of individual and organizational factors, examination of cross-cultural differences, longitudinal studies, and implementation of promoting strategies. The study contributes to the development of effective strategies for promoting and managing employee helping behavior in organizations. [译]员工帮助行为是组织行为学中一个至关重要的方面，在文献中已得到广泛研究。本研究提供了一个综合性的评述和研究议程，以探索员工帮助行为的决定性因素。该研究涵盖了当前关于员工帮助行为决定因素的知识状态，现有理论、方法和研究成果在该研究领域的优势与局限性，以及未来研究的可能方向。研究指出，在组织中促进和管理员工帮助行为时，考虑个人和情境因素、领导行为和沟通、认可和奖励计划，以及创造一个积极支持性的工作环境的重要性。未来的研究方向包括进一步审查特定的决定性因素，探究个人和组织因素，研究跨文化差异，进行纵向研究，以及实施推广策略。该研究为组织中促进和管理员工帮助行为的有效策略的发展做出了贡献。

In today’s global business landscape, successful cross-cultural collaboration is not just an asset but a necessity. This article explores essential strategies for achieving effective collaboration between Chinese and Canadian business teams, emphasizing the critical role of cultural intelligence. We delve into understanding cultural differences, their impact on decision-making and communication, and the keys to building high-performing cross-cultural teams. Real-world case studies highlight success stories, and actionable strategies for bridging cultural gaps are provided. By embracing these insights, businesses can unlock the potential of cross-cultural cooperation, leading to better decision-making, enhanced communication, and stronger, more effective teams.

This study examines for evidence of peer effects in the trading decisions of individual investors from Mainland China, a country whose cultural and social structures are vastly different from those of Western countries. Cultural differences, as widely documented, play a significant role in social interactions and word-of-mouth behavior. In contrast to U.S. studies, we find robust evidence that the trading decisions of Chinese investors are influenced, via word-ofmouth, by those of their peers who maintain brokerage accounts at the same branch, but not by those whose accounts are maintained at another branch located in the same city.