环境行政处罚作为环境规制的核心手段，在促进企业绿色创新方面发挥着重要作用。深入探究其影响机制及异质性效应是优化环境政策设计的重要议题。本研究以2010—2019年沪深A股上市公司为研究对象，结合网络爬虫技术获取的环境行政处罚数据，运用Staggered DID（交错双重差分模型）与双变量Tobit模型，分析了政府环境处罚对企业绿色创新的影响机制和异质性作用。研究发现，政府绿色行政处罚对企业绿色创新具有正向积极作用：一方面，绿色发明型专利和实用新型专利的申请数量与质量得到提升；另一方面，该效应在控制企业异质性与动态趋势后依然稳健。进一步的异质性分析表明，相较于大型企业，小型企业在行政处罚后展现出更为敏感的绿色创新响应，尤其是实用新型专利的增长表现更为显著；此外，制造业企业的绿色创新提升幅度显著高于非制造业企业。在中介机制方面，分析发现环境行政处罚主要通过改善企业信息披露透明度和缓解融资约束，间接驱动企业的绿色技术创新。更为重要的是，本文发现PM2. 5污染与行政处罚存在显著的交互作用，凸显了区域环境治理与宏观创新战略协同的重要性。基于研究发现，本文提出以下政策建议：一是优化环境规制工具的差异化设计，二是构建动态信用评级体系，三是加强政策协同。这些研究结论为提升环境规制的精准性、激发企业的绿色转型提供了坚实的理论依据和实证支持。

本文基于2011-2022年城市层面与A股上市公司数据，采用多维面板固定效应模型与双重差分法（DID），系统考察了国外技术引进对企业数字化转型的影响及其作用机制。研究发现，国外技术引进通过技术转移基地的设立显著促进了企业数字化转型，且这一结果在控制了企业特征与城市特征后依然稳健。技术溢出效应是数字化转型的重要中介路径，国外技术引进通过提升数字经济领域专利授权量推动了企业数字化转型，但对专利申请的影响较小。异质性分析表明，国外技术引进对国有企业、参与国际贸易企业以及融资约束较小企业的促进作用更为显著；高技术制造业企业比中低技术制造业企业更易从技术引进中获益，而服务业企业的数字化转型受技术引进的影响较小。城市异质性分析显示，非省会城市、内陆城市以及新基础设施较发达城市的技术引进对企业数字化转型的促进作用更为显著。本文的研究为理解企业数字化转型过程中，国外技术引进的作用提供了经验证据，同时也为相关政策制定提供了重要参考。

本文以2011—2023年A股市场存续的全部股票型ETF基金为样本，基于多期双重差分法（DID）识别流动性服务业务引入对ETF跟踪误差的影响效应。研究发现，引入流动性服务机制可显著降低ETF的跟踪误差，该结论在通过了一系列稳健性检验。机制检验表明，流动性服务商激励改善与市场交易条件优化是跟踪误差降低的主要传导路径，机构投资者比例提升进一步强化流动性服务的政策效应。异质性分析显示，优化复制策略、宽基指数ETF与中小规模产品受益更为显著。进一步研究发现，该机制显著改善了流动性基础薄弱ETF的跟踪误差，缓解了市场“马太效应”。本文从制度演变的视角系统揭示了ETF市场流动性服务机制的微观传导与结构性影响，为提升ETF基金运行质量与健全ETF市场功能提供了实证支持与政策启示。

Enterprise innovation is a hot topic in current academic research. Taking the demonstration city of social credit system construction implemented in China as a quasi-natural experiment, this paper investigates whether the construction of social credit system can improve enterprise innovation. The study finds that the construction of social credit system effectively enhances enterprise innovation. Mechanism test shows that the construction of social credit system escalates the scale and duration of enterprise loans, thereby fostering enterprise innovation. These findings present insights that the pivotal role of informal institutions, such as the social credit system, in facilitating the upgrading of industrial structures and augmenting the quality of economic development.

Why do firms appoint expired independent directors? How do expired independent directors affect corporate governance and thus impact investment decisions? By taking advantage of the sharp increase in expired independent directors’ re-employment in China caused by exogenous regulatory shocks, Rule No. 18 and Regulation 11, this paper adopts a PSM-DID design to test the impact of expired independent directors on CSR performance. We find that firms experience a significant decrease in CSR performance after re-hiring expired independent directors and the effect is stronger for CSR components mostly related to internal governance. The results of robustness tests show that the main results are robust to alternative measures of CSR performance, an extended sample period, alternative control groups, year-by-year PSM method, and a staggered DID model regarding Rule No. 18 as a staggered quasi-natural experiment. We address the endogeneity concern that chance drives our DID results by using exogenous regulatory shock, an instrumental variable (the index of regional guanxi culture), and placebo tests. We also find that the negative relation between the re-employment of expired independent directors and CSR performance is more significant for independent directors who have more relations with CEOs and raise less objection to managers’ decisions, and for firms that rely more on expired independent directors’ monitoring roles (e.g., a lower proportion of independent directors, CEO duality, high growth opportunities, and above-median FCF). The mediating-effect test shows that the re-employment of expired independent directors increases CEOs’ myopia and thus reduces CSR performance. In addition, we exclude the alternative explanation that the negative relation is caused by the protective effect brought by expired independent directors’ political backgrounds. Our study shows that managers may build reciprocal relationships with expired independent directors in the Chinese guanxi culture and gain personal interest.

The reform of the IPO registration system is a crucial step toward the maturity, improvement, and marketization of the securities market. In recent years, the trend of corporate financialization has become increasingly evident. Based on data from firms listed on the ChiNext Market and the Main Board, this paper constructs a Propensity Score Matching-Difference-in-Differences (PSM-DID) model and an RDD-DID model to examine the impact of IPO registration system reform on corporate financialization and analyze its underlying mechanisms from multiple perspectives. The estimation results of both models indicate that the IPO registration system reform has significantly increased firms’ financialization levels. Furthermore, a series of robustness checks confirm the reliability of the findings. The mechanism analysis reveals that the reform has promoted corporate financialization by lowering listing thresholds, alleviating financing constraints, and intensifying market competition. Meanwhile, its information disclosure mechanism has to some extent curbed financialization. Further heterogeneity analysis shows that the reform’s promoting effect is more pronounced in non-state-owned enterprises, firms with lower growth potential, and those with weaker corporate social responsibility (CSR) performance. This study enriches the literature on the policy impact of IPO registration system reform, provides a new perspective on how such reforms influence corporate financialization, and offers important implications for curbing excessive financialization in real-sector enterprises, deepening IPO registration system reform, and further improving capital markets.

碳交易体系（ETS）通过市场机制以缓解碳排放问题，但是同时也会给相关企业增加额外的成本。自2005年欧盟ETS运行以来，各国ETS的推行对企业全球资源配置的影响亟待深入探讨。本文以BVD-Zephyr全球企业并购数据库在2002-2019年间超过18万个并购事件作为样本，采用双重差分（DID）的方法，分别从跨境并购数量和跨境并购财务表现两个方面检验了东道国ETS实施对企业跨境并购的影响及其渠道。实证结果显示，ETS实施导致东道国的跨境并购交易规模显著减少，表明企业在进行跨境并购时会采取规避行为，从而可能造成潜在的碳泄漏。此外，ETS的实施会降低通过跨境并购进入东道国企业的财务绩效。进一步分析发现，ETS推行的影响存在显著的行业差异，其中碳密集型行业往往承担更高的成本，从而受到更大的冲击；而ETS实施所带来的风险则可能是影响企业决策和财务绩效的重要原因。本研究为气候变化的实际经济影响提供了新的证据，为那些已经引入ETS、或者计划引入更严格气候政策的国家提供了决策参考。

为深化利率市场化改革， 提高利率传导效率， 推动降低实体经济融资成本， 2019 年 8 月中国人民银行开始推行贷款市场报价利率（ Loan Prime Rate， 简称 LPR） 改革。 本文基于 LPR 改革这一准自然实验， 采用连续 DID 等方法探究 LPR 改革对实体经济融资的影响及其机制。 结果表明：第一， LPR 改革显著降低企业的融资成本；第二， LPR 改革提升了信贷配置效率， 高成长性企业贷款可得性显著上升；第三， LPR 改革对不同类型企业的融资成本产生异质性影响， 低风险企业、战略新兴产业企业和非国有企业的融资成本下降相对显著；第四， 微观机制结果验证了， LPR 改革不仅通过传统的竞争性机制推动降低实体经济融资成本， 还会通过利率传导机制与贷款定价机制畅通利率传导过程， 提升中小银行贷款定价能力， 降低实体经济融资成本。

As a vital documentation for assessments, rewards and punishments in terms of political promotions, the intellectual property pilot city policy (IPPC), an strategic incentive measure to enhance innovation capacities at the city and firm level, may play a prominent role in innovation fostering in China. Yet patent bubbles that focus more on quantity over quality have been thrown into doubt, as local cadres and firms shall pay more attention to the easier observable low-quality innovation performance amid the pressure of political task. this paper conducts an investigation that drew upon listed firm data from 270 prefecture-level cities and employs a PSM-DID design to evaluate the IPPC policy effectiveness on innovation quality and innovation quantity. The results are obvious: The policy have boosted the number of innovations, but has a limited effect on improving the quality of innovation. We further apply a hierarchical liner modeling approach to deal with the stratified cityand firm-level data and to verify the mechanism through which policy distortions may affect corporate innovation. There also gives evidence that the IPPC policy comes into effect mainly through financial subsidies, institutional supply and the intensity of IPR protection at the local scale. This report concludes by proposing further policy implementations for the future optimization of China’s innovation strategies.

Utilizing a unique P2P dataset, this study employs the PSM-DID method to explore the learning effect brought about by default events on investors. The findings reveal that investors who experience their first default event demonstrate an improved ability to select a higher-quality project the next time. Notably, this positive effect is more pronounced when facing substantial defaults, as opposed to cases where overdue principal and interest are eventually settled. Investors' initial confidence in defaulted projects contributes to a greater enhancement of their investment skills. Furthermore, the beneficial impacts of defaulted events diminish as investors’ investment experience accumulates.