This study explores how foreign competition impacts the capital structure of domestic firms. While import competition is associated with a decrease in domestic firms’ leverage, we propose a novel perspective concerning the positive effect of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) on leverage. FDI competition can boost demand for debt via productivity spillover to domestic firms, and also increase supply of debt by inducing lenders to herd toward foreign investors. Using Chinese firm-level data, we find that the positive effects of industry inward FDI on domestic firms’ leverage are more pronounced in high-tech industries and industries where foreign investors exhibit a high degree of herding behavior. Our instrument variable approach, employing industry exchange rates and import tariffs, supports these findings. Additionally, we reveal that the positive effect of FDI on local firms’ leverage is amplified when the firms have stronger absorptive capacities, receive foreign capital, and experience more human capital transfers from foreign rivals.

While previous research has delved into the relationship between political uncertainty and the aggregate cross-border flows of capital, there remains a notable gap in our understanding of how political uncertainty affects firm ownership structure within foreign direct investment (FDI) projects, specifically concerning the intensive margin. In this study, we commence by introducing a stylized model, wherein a risk-averse foreign investor teaming up with a local producer is concerned about the political risk associated with the provision of public goods by the local government. Our analysis demonstrates that the foreign investor, acting as a residual claimant, allocates a greater proportion of revenues to the local partner when local policy conditions are more uncertain. This strategic decision indirectly locks in local government commitment to the international joint venture, thereby mitigating the negative influence of political uncertainty. Subsequently, we test our theoretical framework by employing a unique dataset that encompasses city-level political turnovers and firm-level incentive structures in the context of China. The results unveil robust evidence substantiating that uncertainty arising from local political turnover significantly affects the revenue-sharing agreements between foreign investors and their local partners within the international joint production.

数字普惠金融能否作为提升制造业出口复杂度的新动能，对我国制造业全球价值链攀升意义重大。本文在阐述数字普惠金融对制造业出口复杂度的直接传导效应和间接调节效应的基础上，基于 2011-2018 年中国省级面板数据，采用空间杜宾模型，实证检验数字普惠金融对制造业出口复杂度的直接传导效应和间接调节效应。实证结果表明，数字普惠金融及其各维度能显著促进本地区制造业出口复杂度的提升，但溢出效应呈现显著的虹吸现象；数字普惠金融通过人力资本积累以及 FDI 技术溢出，能显著促进本地区以及周边地区制造业出口产品技术复杂度。

传统文献认为只有绿地投资才能促进东道国经济增长，跨国并购对东道国的经济增长没有贡献。本文使用全球173个国家和地区的数据进行的实证研究表明，在东道国金融市场健全，制度环境稳定时，跨国并购可以通过“再投资”过程转化为东道国内源投资，从而促进东道国的经济增长。本文同时还发现在发达国家，FDI对经济增长的促进作用强于内源投资，而在发展中国家，FDI与内源投资在促进经济增长方面没有显著差异。

外商直接投资进入东道国主要有绿地投资和跨国并购两种方式。 本文通过构建一个将FDI 投资者采取灵活进入策略的情况也纳入考虑的三阶 段实物期权模型，分析了影响FDI 进入模式的相关因素。研究发现：（1）在 经济快速增长、市场需求波动较大的国家或地区，FDI 投资者倾向于选择绿 地投资模式进入东道国市场；而在经济增长较慢、市场需求稳定的国家或地 区，FDI 投资者倾向于选择跨国并购模式进入东道国市场；（2）东道国利用 外资的政策直接并显著影响FDI 进入模式的选择，外资倾向于按照东道国政 府鼓励的模式进入东道国市场；（3）相对于绿地投资方式获得的目标企业外 资通过跨国并购方式获得的目标企业有更快的增长速度和更大的规模。

This paper examines whether foreign investor heterogeneity plays a role in stock liquidity on a sample of 27,976 firms from 39 countries for the period from 2003 to 2009. Results show that foreign direct ownership is negatively, while foreign portfolio ownership is positively, associated with various measures of stock liquidity. Furthermore, liquidity also reduces more (less) in firms with larger foreign direct investment FDI (foreign portfolio investment, FPI) during the 2008 market downturn. As predicted by finance theory, foreign investors influence stock liquidity through both trading activity and information channels. Our findings also indicate that the presence of FDI investors improves firm valuation and operating performance even at the expense of an increase in the firm’s cost of capital, suggesting that the value-enhancing benefits from FDI investors’ monitoring efforts outweigh the liquidity costs and high adverse selection premium demanded by less informed investors. In contrast, the positive impacts of FPI ownership on firm performance, as previously documented in existing literature, becomes negative and also not robustly significant after controlling for liquidity.

分析FDI 影响因素的稳健性具有重要的理论与现实意义。本文利用中国2001-2004 年 219 个城市的面板数据，采用极值边界分析法（EBA）对FDI 影响因素的稳健性进行检验，并 在此基础上得到FDI 流入实证模型的稳健影响因素。结果表明，大部分在影响FDI 方向上有 争议的因素在改变信息集的条件下表现出较弱的稳健性，人均GDP 水平、固定资产投资及基 础设施建设相关指标对FDI 流入具有稳健和重要的解释力。政策建议方面，本文研究强调了 基础设施建设对吸引FDI 的重要作用。

Spatial imbalance of technology, which refers to unevenness or disproportionality in a spatial distribution of technology, is of key importance in the harmonious and balanced development of the world economy. This study is an attempt to develop a comparable map-independent analysis that measures spatial distribution, deviation angle, shift distance, direction and velocity of the gravity center (location-related spatial imbalance analysis) from an international range. Analyzing respectively on the gravity centers of different attribute values of 44 countries or regions and studying on the effects of the gravity centers of GDP, FDI and population on the technology center of gravity, it comes to the following conclusions: (1) the imbalance of spatial distribution is existing and will lasts for a long time; (2) the spatial distributions of GDP, FDI, and population don’t coincide with that of technology in longitude and latitude only except that the latitude distribution of FDI coincide with latitude and longitude distribution of technology; (3) the distributions of gravity centers of technology and population approximately record a south-east extending; (4) the distributions of gravity centers of GDP and FDI take on a loop-line movement with a clockwise rotation; (5) the gravity centers of GDP, FDI, population are positively associated with the gravity center of technology in latitude rather than in longitude. (6)Besides, the average velocity of different gravity centers is approximately 300km per year except that the gravity center of GDP shifts at an average speed of a little more than 9km per year. Combining analyses of the spatial distribution, deviation angle, shift distance, direction and velocity with the calculation of the coordinates’ correlation coefficients of the gravity centers, the hypotheses are partially supported. This study provides insight into the possible relationships between spatial distribution of technology, harmonious economic development and population spatial shift, and generates some interesting avenues for future research.

A political-macroeconomic model is developed to explain why small differences in fiscal decentralization may ultimately lead to dramatically di¤erent economic policies toward FDI hence starkly different amount of FDI flows into two otherwise identical developing countries. Too much fiscal decentralization hurts incentives of the central government while too little fiscal decentralization renders the local governments captured by the protectionist special interest group. Moreover, the local government's preference for FDI can be endogenously polarized and sensitive to fiscal decentralization. Calibration and counterfactual experiments results support fiscal decentralization as the major reason for China and India's nine-fold difference in FDI per capita.

中国经历汇率制度改革后，外部经济失衡业已成为政府部门和外汇管理当局的“棘手”问题。在此背景下，本文选取2000 年1 月~2008 年2 月的时间序列数据检验外汇储备累积带来的宏观经济和金融波动影响，借助ARCH 模型和TVP 模型进行动态分析，得出以下结论：外汇储备在长期内影响价格波动，而对产出的影响具有短期性；对经济增长的动态波动系数为-0.09，外部失衡下经济高增长波动较小；反而低速增长时期的波动加大；而对国内宏观金融的影响则恰好相反（分别为0.08和0.689）；TVP 模型检验认为国内产出增加和FDI 流入都上是国际收支波动的主要影响因素，而进口和外汇储备占款成为国际收支失衡量的重要影响因素。最后综合分析认为，借助汇率、利率、物价水平进行国际收支调节和外汇储备调整是当前解决“内外”经济平衡的关键。