Copper resources are widely used in power networks and clean - energy tech like PV panels, wind turbines, and NEVs. Restricted by domestic resources, China's copper supply chain is vulnerable with risks. Based on six supply - chain stages, this paper builds an assessment system for China's copper supply - chain risks. By adopting an improved Benefit of Doubt (BOD) model, this paper has systematically evaluated the risks in the whole copper supply chain, revealing the trends and deep-rooted causes of these risks. The findings of this study reveal that: (1) The supply chain risk of China's copper resources presents a significant upward trend over the past 15 years; (2) The current supply chain risks in copper are mainly concentrated at the stages of import, production, and application; and the recycling risk has a great potential for reducing the copper supply chain risks in the future. Based on these findings, this paper proposes two policy recommendations: (1) Develop diversified channels for importing copper resources and optimize overseas investment patterns and; (2) Improve the domestic supply capacity of secondary copper resources and reduce the risks at the recycling stage.

Evidence from the U.S. and Europe suggests that current risk assessment tools used by researchers and financial professionals to determine individuals’ risk tolerance and provide suitable portfolio recommendations may be flawed due to “mis”perceptions of risk. Limited research has examined the reliability of these tools as measures of relative risk tolerance for households in emerging economies like China. This study develops a multidimensional index of risk tolerance specifically tailored for Chinese households using a psychometric approach. The effectiveness of this multidimensional index in predicting individuals’ financial decisions is tested and compared to traditional unidimensional measures of risk tolerance commonly used in developed countries. The findings indicate that multidimensional measures are more consistent and significant predictors of Chinese households’ investment decisions. Additionally, the study uncovers evidence that cultural differences, related to market expectations and social networks, which are often overlooked in U.S. and European models, play a crucial role in shaping individuals' risk perceptions and investment choices in China. Robustness checks were conducted to account for potential endogeneity between risk tolerance and investment decisions. The findings provide valuable insights for researchers and financial professionals seeking to develop more accurate risk assessment tools that capture risk attitudes and perceptions in China and other developing countries. By adopting a multidimensional approach that accounts for cultural and psychosocial factors, these improved tools can enhance the precision of risk evaluation and facilitate more appropriate investment recommendations.