We construct the China Crude Oil Volatility Index (CNOVX)—the first model-free, optionimplied measure of forward-looking oil price risk for China—using INE crude oil options from 2021 to 2024 and an adapted CBOE methodology that accounts for sparse strike availability via smooth interpolation and extrapolation. Our results show that CNOVX increases with trading activity in the futures market, declines with option volume, and is strongly predicted by the 30-day realized variance of the SC crude oil futures contract. External shocks, including the Russia–Ukraine conflict and the Geopolitical Risk Index, significantly elevate CNOVX levels. During the COVID-19 pandemic, mortality risk intensifies the volatility-amplifying role of futures trading and strengthens the volatility-dampening effect of options, while confirmed case counts have weaker influence. We further document a pronounced asymmetric leverage effect: negative futures returns raise CNOVX more than positive returns of equal size. However, volatility feedback effects are negligible, as changes in implied volatility respond primarily to contemporaneous market conditions. Overall, CNOVX serves as a timely and informative benchmark for monitoring risk in China’s evolving crude oil derivatives market, with valuable implications for investors, hedgers, and policymakers.

February 9, 2025 marks the 10th anniversary of the establishment of China's ETF options market. To celebrate this anniversary, China will open the ETF options market to qualified foreign investors on October 9, 2025. This is both an opportunity and a challenge. This is the first time in a decade that China has decided to open its ETF options market. The challenge is that foreign investors will face competition from China's 1.08 million options investors. This article will discuss the basic rules and requirements for options trading in China. In addition, we will introduce the application of Confusion Quotient sentiment index in options trading, and analyze how options contract premiums fluctuated significantly after the Fed cut interest rates by 50 basis points on September 18, 2024. Within a month, the Fed's interest rate cut triggered a sharp rise in call options contracts in China's options market, with a maximum profit of 3507.32%, and put option contracts suffered huge losses, with a maximum loss of 99.91%. Our findings prove that China's ETF options market is highly volatile, presenting both opportunities and challenges for foreign investors. Options trading is a double-edged sword, and you need to be cautious when entering the market.

This study applies the generalized dynamic factor model (GDFM), TVPVAR-DY framework, and pattern causality to investigate spillover effect from international commodity idiosyncratic volatility co-movements to China's financial market risk, as well as the impact of a series of macroeconomic factors on such spillover effect. The empirical results indicate that the idiosyncratic volatility co-movements of energy, industrial metals, precious metals, soft commodities, and agricultural products all have significant spillover effects on China's financial market risk. The influence of commodity idiosyncratic co-movements on China’s financial market risk is relatively stable under normal economic conditions but intensifies significantly during periods of deteriorating economic fundamentals. Macroeconomic factors such as international capital flows, investor sentiment, geopolitical risks, economic conditions, and international freight rates predominantly exhibit a positive causal effect on the dynamic spillover effect.

We revisit cross-asset time-series momentum (XTSM) and single-asset time-series momentum (TSM) in China's stock and bond markets. With a fixed-effects model, we find a positive momentum from bonds to stocks and a negative momentum from stocks to bonds, with both momentum persisting for no more than six months. By employing a cross-grouping method, we find that the choice of lookback periods and asset signals impacts the performance of XTSM and TSM. A comparison between XTSM, TSM, and time-series historical (TSH) portfolios reveals that XTSM outperforms in small/midcap stocks and government bonds, while its performance is weak in large-cap stocks and corporate bonds. A spanning test confirms that XTSM generates excess returns that other pricing factors can not explain. XTSM is more prone to momentum crashes. Increased market stress has similarly adverse effects on XTSM and TSM. Furthermore, Market illiquidity, IPO counts, new investor accounts, and consumer confidence index positively correlate with the returns of XTSM and TSM portfolios, while IPO first-day return and turnover rate correlate negatively. The effects of these sentiment indicators exhibit heterogeneity.

The growing emphasis on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) principles, particularly in corporate sectors, shapes investment trends and operational strategies, whose shift is supported by the increasing role of media in monitoring and influencing corporate ESG performance, thereby driving the energy innovation. Therefore, based on reported events from Baidu News and patent text information of Chinese A-share listed companies from 2012 to 2022, this study innovatively applied machine learning and text analysis to measure ESG news sentiment and corporate energy innovation indicators. Combing with reputation, stakeholder, and agency theories, we find that a good reputation conveyed by positive ESG textual sentiments in the media significantly promotes corporate energy innovation, and the effect is mainly realized through alleviating financing constraints and agency problems and promoting green investment. Further analysis shows that ESG news sentiment promotes corporate energy innovation mainly among private firms, non-growth-stage firms, high-energy-consuming firms, and regions with better green finance development and higher ESG governance intensity. From the perspective of ESG news content and information content, greater ESG news attention can also exert an energy innovation incentive effect, in which the incentive effect exerted by positive media sentiment in the environmental (E) and social (S) dimensions, as well as excellent attention, is more robust. This study provides new insights for promoting green and low-carbon development and understanding the external governance role of media in corporate ESG development.

Green bonds, pivotal to green finance, draw growing attention from scholars and investors. Social media’s proliferation has amplified the influence of investor sentiment, necessitating robust analysis of its market impact. However, general sentiment lexicons often fail to capture domain-specific slang and nuanced expressions unique to China’s bond market, leading to inaccuracies in sentiment analysis. Thus, this study constructs a specialized sentiment lexicon for the green bond market, namely the COBC (Chinese online bond comments sentiment lexicon), to dissect bond market slang and investor remarks. Compared to three general lexicons (Textbook, SnowNLP, and VADER), it improves the average prediction accuracy by approximately 87.2% in sentiment analysis of Chinese online language within the green bond domain. Sentiment scores derived from COBC-based dictionary analysis are systematically integrated as predictive features into a two-stage hybrid predictive model is proposed integrating Support Vector Machine (SVM), Auto-Regressive Moving Average (ARMA), Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory Networks (BiLSTM), and Attention Mechanisms to forecast China's green bond market, represented by the China Bond 45 Green Bond Index. First, ARMA-SVR is employed to extract residuals and statistical features from the green bond index. Then, the BiLSTM-Attention model is applied to assess the impact of investor sentiment on the index. Empirical results show that incorporating investor sentiment significantly enhances the predictive accuracy of the green bond index, achieving an average of 67.5% reduction in Mean Squared Error (MSE), and providing valuable insights for market participants and policymakers.

This study introduces an innovative approach for constructing multimodal investor sentiment indices and explores their varying impacts on stock market returns. We employ the RoBERTa model to quantify text-based sentiment, the Google Inception(v3) model for image-based sentiment measurement, and a multimodal semantic correlation fusion model to comprehensively consider the interplay between textual and visual sentiment features. These sentiment indices are further categorised into industry-specific investor sentiment and market-wide investor sentiment, enabling separate analyses of their effects on stock markets. Furthermore, we leverage these indices to build a multifactor stock selection model and timing strategies. Our research findings demonstrate that multimodal sentiment analysis yields superior predictive accuracy. Industry-specific investor sentiment exerts bidirectional positive influences on stock market returns, whereas market-wide investor sentiment indices exhibit unidirectional impacts. Integrating industry-specific investor sentiment into our multifactor stock selection model effectively enhances portfolio returns. Furthermore, combining market-wide investor sentiment with timing strategy optimisation further augments this advantage.

We introduce a hypergraph-based approach to analyze information flow and investor attention transfers through news outlets in financial markets. Extending traditional graph models that focus on pairwise interactions, our hypergraph framework captures higher order relationships between firms that are simultaneously mentioned in the same news article. We develop a random walk based centrality framework that considers both the properties of the hyperedges (news articles) and the nodes (firms). This framework allows us to more accurately simulate investor attention flows and to incorporate different theories of investor behavior, such as category learning and investor attention theory. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our attention centrality, we apply it to the Chinese CSI500 market index from 2016 to 2021, where our centrality measures improve the prediction of future returns, with improvements ranging from 6.3% to 14.0% compared to traditional graph-based models. This improvement implies that our centrality measure can better capture investor attention transfers on the news hypergraph. In particular, we find that investors pay more attention to news that covers both a greater number of firms and firms on which the sentiments are more negative. Although we focus on financial markets in this research, our hypergraph framework holds potential for broader applications in information systems — for example, in understanding social or collaboration networks.

This paper examines the impact of ESG rating divergence on stock price delays in the context of the Chinese capital market. We find that ESG rating divergence significantly increases the stock price delays. Mechanism analysis results suggest that ESG rating divergence affects stock price delays by reducing information transparency and firm internal control quality. Heterogeneous analysis results indicate that the impact of ESG rating divergence on stock price delays is more pronounced in high-tech firms and when investor sentiment is high.

This study explores the price drivers of Chinese Emissions Allowances (CEAs) in the early stage of China’s national carbon market. Using daily time series data from July 2021 to July 2023, we find limited influence from conventional drivers, including energy prices and economic factors. Instead, national power generation emerges as a significant driver. These are primarily due to the distinct institutional features of China’s national carbon market, notably its rate-based system and sectoral coverage. Moreover, the study uncovers cumulative abnormal volatility in CEA prices ranging from 12% to 20% around the end of the first compliance cycle, reflecting sentiments about the policy design and participants’ limited understanding about carbon trading. Our results extend previous literature regarding carbon pricing determinants by highlighting China’s unique carbon market design, comparing it with the traditional cap-and-trade programs, and offering valuable insights for tailored market-based policies in developing countries.