Using China's Strategic Emerging Industries Classification (CSEIC), which is enacted in 2018, as a quasi-natural experiment, this study investigates its impact on corporate innovation behaviors. In basic research, we find that: (1) The CSEIC significantly enhances both substantive and strategic innovation; (2) The effect of CSEIC is influenced by the characteristics of the enterprise. Specifically, in state-owned enterprises (SOEs), the CSEIC significantly enhances substantive innovation and strategic innovation, while in non-SOEs, the CSEIC only significantly enhances substantive innovation. In further research based on entrepreneurial spirit, we find that: (1) The effect of CSEIC on strategic innovation is suppressed if entrepreneurial patriotism is higher, no matter whether the enterprise is SOEs or non-SOEs; (2) The effect of CSEIC on substantive innovation is enhanced, if and only if entrepreneurial integrity is higher in SOEs or International Vision is higher in non-SOEs. These findings offer valuable insights for policymakers aiming to foster innovation through targeted support for enterprise leaders, highlighting the need for tailored approaches considering the distinct characteristics of SOEs and non-SOEs.

Using proprietary data of all high-tech incubators in China, we study a new approach by government to implement industrial policy through market intermediaries instead of directly allocating resources. Exploiting a highly localized industrial policy that targets different “strategic emerging industries” across provinces, we find that the incubators in policy-targeted industries receive higher government subsidy after the policy relative to their peers in other industries. Moreover, we find evidence that government subsidy to high-tech incubators increases the incubated startups’ innovation activity. Privately owned incubators in targeted industries, relative to their state-owned peers, receive less government subsidy, although they utilize government subsidy much more efficiently than do their state-owned peers.