已有研究较少关注资本市场制度变革所发挥的宏观调控作用。本文以2014年新股定价制度调整为场景,考察发行市盈率管制对企业上市融资、再融资以及后续投资活动的影响。研究发现,发行市盈率管制导致公允估值较高的企业通过操纵股本规模、"压线"发行等方式减少上市时出售的股份,上市融资规模显著降低,但这些企业在上市三年内再融资的概率和规模显著上升。同时,发行市盈率管制显著降低了公允估值较高的企业在研发、并购等资金需求量大、风险较高项目上的投资支出。本文的研究结果表明,尽管企业会设法绕开政策的限制,但发行市盈率管制对企业股权融资效率、重大投资活动的不利影响也不容忽视。本文的发现对监管机构全面理解新股定价制度的经济后果,从宏观层面平衡新股定价制度的利弊具有重要的参考价值。

We estimate real losses arising from the cross-sectional misallocation of financial liabilities. Extending a production-based framework of misallocation measurement to the liabilities side of the balance sheet and using manufacturing firm data from the United States and China, we find significant misallocation of debt and equity in China but not the United States. Reallocating liabilities of firms in China to mimic U.S. efficiency would produce gains of 51% to 69% in real value-added, with only 17% to 21% stemming from inefficient debt-equity combinations. For Chinese firms that are large or in developed cities, we estimate lower distortionary financing costs.

We use administrative registration records with information on the owners of all Chinese firms to document the importance of “connected” investors, defined as state-owned firms or private owners with equity ties with state-owned firms, in the businesses of private owners. We document a hierarchy of private owners: the largest private owners have direct investments from state-owned firms, the next largest private owners have equity investments from private owners that themselves have equity ties with state owners, and the smallest private owners do not have any ties with state owners. The network of connected private owners has expanded over the last two decades. The share of registered capital of connected private owners increased by almost 20 percentage points between 2000 and 2019, driven by two trends. First, state owned firms have increased their investments in joint ventures with private owners. Second, private owners with equity ties to state owners also increasingly invest in joint ventures with other (smaller) private owners. The expansion in the “span” of connected owners from these investments with private owners may have increased aggregate output of the private sector by 4.2% a year between 2000 and 2019.

政策试点在我国是逐步推行各种政策的重要阶段。目前的文献集中于分析各类试点效应， 但对试点过程中具体机制的区分还有待探索。被试点的对象发生变化，可能是由于受到更多的关注和 监督、外界改变了对它们的评价、或者试点政策干预之外的扶持等因素，而并非由于试点政策的具体 干预措施而产生，称为“非干预效应”。本文以国有企业混合所有制改革为研究对象，利用双重差分 法发现，当试点名单公布之后，试点企业的业绩发生改善，而此时改革的具体措施尚未实施。进一步 的分析排除了国企高管的晋升激励和合作客户资源增多的解释，支持财务费用降低的论断。本文的发 现对试点政策的事前设计和事后评估有重要的政策意义。

以往针对中美贸易摩擦只能进行宏观层面或行业层面的分析，或是只能在微观层 面上进行有限分析，根本原因在于数据限制，而本文通过将海关数据库与上市公司数据库进 行匹配，对超过 300 万条海量数据进行分析，首次直接检验了对美出口对上市公司创新的影 响。结果表明，对美国出口极大地促进了我国企业的创新，且当中美两国处于贸易摩擦时， 受打击的企业通过增强自主创新予以应对，并且该促进效应在未来三年内持续存在。另外， 本文不仅限于对中美两国间贸易的研究，而是纳入到整个国际贸易格局中进行比较，并首次 发现不同国别和地区对我国企业创新的影响是不同的。文中运用 PSM、动态 DID 模型、 Heckman 两阶段检验等多种方法进行稳健性检验，结论保持不变。本文的研究结论印证了 一个事实，二十多年来我国对美出口贸易迅猛增长的背后是企业在困境中坚持不懈、追求创 新的结果，中国企业的韧劲和自强不息的精神由此展现。本研究将为我国未来的贸易政策制 定提供理论和数据支持。

在一些国家,强制股利支付是改善公司治理和弥补法律保护不足的重要手段,我国自2001年起陆续出台了类似的半强制股利系列政策。然而现有部分研究却发现,半强制股利政策可能会产生监管"悖论"。那么,事实是否如此?以往这些研究主要从监管成本角度来分析,可能忽视了监管带来的收益,我们认为虽然半强制股利政策提高了融资门槛,但也可能实现股东之间的利益共享,并有利于投资者形成稳定的股利预期,从而实现治理的"溢价"。本文利用2008年监管政策提供的良好自然实验机会,主要从半强制股利政策的治理效应角度来评估政策产生的经济后果。研究发现,从总体平均意义上看,半强制股利政策有助于降低受影响公司的股权融资成本。进一步研究发现,在代理成本高的公司,半强制股利政策的治理作用更为明显,存在一定的治理"溢价"。当然,半强制股利政策也存在一定的局限性,在公司的信息披露质量差和外部融资约束较大的公司,半强制股利政策的治理效应被削弱。

本文基于2003-2017年间A股上市公司的相关数据研究控股股东股权质押对上市公司在"高送转"与现金股利之间如何选择的影响。本文发现,当控股股东进行了股权质押时,上市公司更可能推出"高送转"的利润分配方案,回避或降低现金股利的倾向更高,这与我国资本市场投资者对"高送转"与现金股利之间偏好差异一致;这一关系在控股股东质押股份比例越高、质押股权面临的平仓风险越高时更为显著。本文的研究揭示了控股股东股权质押在公司股利政策选择方面的经济后果,并为市场投资者对"高送转"以及现金股利的不同偏好提供了增量证据。

近年来,学术界开始关注语言影响个体决策的认知效应。本文研究语法结构中的将来时态标记(FTR)是否影响股东对未来收益时间的感知,进而影响公司的股利政策。研究发现:首先,在不强制要求区分现在和将来时态(弱FTR)的语言环境中,公司的现金股利支付率较低。其次,控制长期价值导向这一文化维度并未改变本文结论,而较高的股东受教育水平和机构持股比例通过提升股东整体理性程度、缓解时间信息的认知差异,削弱了FTR与股利支付的关系,说明FTR可以通过认知机制影响决策。再者,通过研究在美国发行ADRs的其他国家(地区)样本表明,使用强FTR语言的股东比例上升会使企业提高股利支付率。最后,当企业的研发支出和无形资产越多、代理问题越严重,使得企业收益不确定性更高时,使用弱FTR语言的股东会增加对股利的诉求。本文结论在控制其他语言特征与交互固定效应、选取公元前1500年的粮食产量作为工具变量和以1997年香港回归事件构建DID模型等内生性检验下仍然成立。本文实证检验了语言的认知效应,为单一制度背景下语言经济学的研究提供了新思路。

This study investigates the nexus between investor protection and dividend policy for 517 listed non-financial firms operating in Asian countries between the 2008- 2017 period. The dynamic panel data model (System-GMM) reveals that stronger investor protection is associated with higher dividend payouts, and firms increase dividends, specifically in response to the rise of the extent of disclosure and director liability and also ease of shareholder suits. Besides, the results highlight that firms pay out fewer dividends in cases of growth opportunity particularly in environments with stronger investor protection, more developed financial market, and common-law system. Results are robust when alternative specifications are implemented.

Using a new case-level dataset we document a set of stylized facts on bankruptcy in China and study how the staggered introduction of specialized courts across Chi- nese cities affected insolvency resolution and the local economy. For identification, we compare bankruptcy cases handled by specialized versus traditional civil courts within the same city and filed in the same year. We find that specialized courts decrease case duration by 36% relative to traditional civil courts. We provide evi- dence consistent with court specialization increasing efficiency via selection of better trained judges and higher judicial independence from local politicians. We docu- ment that cities introducing specialized courts experience a relative reallocation of employment out of zombie firms-intensive sectors, as well as faster firm entry and a larger increase in average capital productivity.