Contrary to the US, Chinese stock markets exhibit negative overnight returns that appear to be highly affected by the extent of information asymmetry. China's "T+1" trading rule, which prohibits same-day selling, exacerbates adverse selection for uninformed buyers by limiting them to react to post-trade information. An information asymmetry-driven price discount thus emerges at market open, generating negative overnight returns, which further decrease with information asymmetry. Consistent with adverse selection, empirical evidence reveals lower overnight returns during market declines and high-volatility periods, with robust negative relationship between overnight returns and information asymmetry proxied by firm size, analyst coverage, and earnings announcement proximity. A model is introduced to rationalize our findings. This framework also sheds light on China's "opening return puzzle", the phenomenon that prices rise rapidly in the initial 30 minutes of trading, by showing how reduced adverse selection enables rapid price recovery during opening session.

政府补贴支持企业创新固然是必要且现实的举措，但其实际成效在企业间存在差异，关于“创新悖论”的讨论众说纷纭。本文将研究焦点从“评说得失”引向“何以有效”，以理论模型刻画企业配置政府补贴用于创新活动的决策过程，解析营商环境这个“外因”如何通过“内因”影响企业创新决策进而影响其创新质量的内在机制，揭示其间存在的营商环境门槛。本文采用中国A股上市公司2017—2021年的专利申请数据、财务数据以及296个地级市的营商环境数据，实证检验了营商环境门槛效应及其实现机制。研究发现，政府补贴整体上并未显著提升企业创新质量，但存在显著的营商环境门槛；政府补贴在营商环境较好的地区能有效提升企业创新质量，而在营商环境较差的地区，其作用基本失效，甚至可能会削弱民营企业创新质量。机制检验表明，在营商环境所决定的制度性交易成本与制度性收益两侧均存在门槛效应。异质性分析发现，在政府补贴影响企业创新质量过程中，战略性新兴产业企业和民营企业均存在营商环境门槛效应。本文突破了两极思维方式的局限，在同一模型框架内运用统一的逻辑体系，解释了现有文献关于政府补贴影响企业创新的不同见解，以“条件有效性”分析调和了学术界关于政府补贴政策“结果有效性”的认识分歧，并获得突破“创新悖论”的重要政策启示，即政府补贴应以优化营商环境为先导，只有将营商环境提升到相应水平，政府补贴才能有效促进企业实现高质量创新。

张可奕

年金保险是个体应对长寿风险的有效金融工具， 但市场需求却普遍不足， 在学术 界被称为“ 年金谜题” 。本文基于我国各地区人口死亡率与全国平均人口死亡率的差异性， 提 出了“ 长寿风险调整年龄” 概念， 借鉴相对风险厌恶系数， 引入个体长寿风险感知系数， 测算了 中国各地区的长寿风险调整年龄， 将长寿风险调整年龄和长寿风险感知系数结合， 对个体的长 寿风险感知进行度量， 并将其带入生命周期模型， 模拟个体的年金保险购买行为。结果表明， 长寿风险感知较高的个体对年金保险的需求更大， 为解释“ 年金谜题” 提供了一个以长寿风险 感知为基础的视角， 强调了个体长寿风险感知对年金保险需求的影响。

Climate change is increasing the risks of weather-related disasters in many regions around the world. This has an adverse socio-economic impact on households, farmers and small businesses. Some strategies for effectively managing climate related disasters include index based insurance products, which are increasingly offered as alternatives to traditional insurance, particularly in low-income countries. However, the uptake of index insurance remains low, which can be partially attributed to the inherent problem of basis risk. This review assesses the problem of

本文基于互联网企业价值评估的背景，重点探讨一种常用估值方法——相对估值法（Relative Valuation），并以阿里巴巴集团（Alibaba）为实证对象首先，文章回顾了互联网企业估值的特殊性与挑战；其次，介绍了相对估值法的理论基础、常用指标（如市盈率P/E、市净率P/B、市销率P/S、EV/EBITDA 等）及其优缺点；再次，从互联网企业特征出发，分析该方法在阿里巴巴所处环境中的适用性及限制。然后，结合阿里巴巴最新财报数据（截至FY 2024 期）整理公司基本资料、选取可比公司、计算关键估值指标，进而得出对阿里巴巴的估值区间与市场价值对比。最后，基于实证结果，从估值结果合理性、影响因素（如业务结构、成长预期、市场情绪）以及方法优化建议三个维度展开讨论。研究发现：对于快速成长、业务多元的互联网企业而言，虽相对估值法具备便捷性与可比性优势，但也易受到可比公司选取不当、成长预期偏差及无形资产难以量化等影响。论文建议在实际应用中，应辅以折现模型（DCF）等方法，并注意调整估值倍率以反映公司成长性与风险特征。本文的研究可为互联网企业估值提供一种实务参考，也为资产评估的教学与研究提供新的案例视角。

金京

Background: How to cope with the rapid growth of LTC (long-term care) needs for the old people without activities of daily living (ADL), which is also a serious hazard caused by public health emergencies such as COVID-2019 and SARS (2003), has become an urgent task in China, Germany, Japan, and other aging countries. As a response, the LTCI (longterm care insurance) system has been executed among European countries and piloted in 15 cities of China in 2016. Subsequently, the influence and dilemma of LTCI system have become a hot academic topic in the past 20 years.Methods: The review was carried out to reveal the effects of the LTCI system on different economic entities by reviewing relevantliterature published from January 2008 to September 2019. The quality of 25 quantitative and 24 qualitative articles was evaluated using the JBI and CASP critical evaluation checklist, respectively. Results: The review systematically examines the effects of the LTCI system on different microeconomic entities such as caretakers or their families and macroeconomic entities such as government spending. The results show that the LTCI system has a great impact on social welfare. For example, LTCI has a positive effect on the health and life quality of the disabled elderly. However, the role of LTCI in alleviating the financial burden on families with the disabled elderly may be limited. Conclusion: Implementation of LTCI system not only in reducing the physical and mental health problems of health care recipients and providers, and the economic burden of their families, but also promote the development of health care service industry and further improvement of the health care system. However, the dilemma and sustainable development of the LTCI system is the government needs to focus on in the future due to the sustainability of its funding sources.

We examine the effects of issuing green bond on green premium and green signal transmission by matching green bonds with ordinary bonds. We find that the credit spread of green bonds is significantly lower than that of ordinary bonds, especially for those green bonds with lower information disclosure complexity. Besides, issuing green bonds cannot receive a positive response from the stock market, but can significantly reduce issuer’s loan costs and provide more financial subsidies for high polluting issuers. Furthermore, by obtaining discounted loans and financial subsidies, issuing green bonds can increase issuer’s R&D intensity and reduce their carbon emissions. These findings indicate that issuing green bonds can reduce financing costs and convey green signals to market stakeholders with less investment experience.

本文聚焦渐进式延迟退休政策对城镇职工基本养老保险的影响，采用精算平衡模型法，以2024年官方数据为基期，对比基准情景（无延迟退休）与政策情景的基金运行差异。研究发现，该政策通过延长缴费年限、扩大参保基数实现基金增收，通过减少退休领取人数放缓支出增速，显著改善基金财务状况：2030年、2035年、2040年政策情景较基准情景分别多结余2.4万亿元、3.9万亿元、14.1万亿元，基金可持续年限延长。研究证实，渐进式延迟退休能有效抵御人口老龄化冲击，为养老保险制度改革提供缓冲期。