本文针对王国刚等（2024）提出的“双层存款乘数”理论进行了系统的批判。该理论试图通过构建中央银行与商业银行之间同样存在存款派生过程的“新框架”，以挽救传统货币乘数理论，但其底层逻辑与央行资产负债表的会计操作差距很大。本文从三个层面展开反驳：第一，澄清基础货币创造的本质是央行资产端扩张驱动负债端同步扩张，不存在所谓的“本币资产”科目，也不存在央行吸收存款后再进行派生的“乘数”过程；第二，剖析量化宽松期间货币乘数下降的真实原因，对方将美联储资产购买误解为“央行存款乘数”的循环过程，但实际上，联储购买证券时直接增加商业银行准备金，这是一次性操作；若联储继续购买，属于新增的基础货币投放，而非同一笔资金的反复派生；第三，揭示“资金观”谬误，对方将微观主体的资金约束错误地移植到中央银行身上，误以为提高法定存款准备金率能增加央行“可用资金”并用于购汇，实际上资产业务扩张不以负债增加为前提是中央银行的特有权力。本文由此认为，在充裕准备金框架和利率调控主导的现代货币政策体系下，对货币乘数的补救已失去意义，学术研究应转向央行资产负债表操作逻辑与内生信用创造机制。

2015年MLF常态化运作后，我国基础货币投放转向抵押品本位框架，十年期国债利率出现"加息灵敏联动、降息单边钝化"的非对称阻滞特征。本文构建四部门DSGE模型，匹配2006—2024年宏观月度面板与银企微观面板，综合运用NARDL、Bootstrap链式中介、内生门限回归等方法开展实证检验，并引入美、德、法、日四国构建跨国安慰剂对照。研究发现：不动产抵押框架通过存量M2锁定与银行负债淤积两条渠道推高M1-M2剪刀差，货币分层是降息传导受阻的核心中介闸门；2015年制度切换引发传导结构永久性塑性跳变，短端利率始终维持对称。微观面板验证了银行信贷配置倾斜与企业活期调整两类底层行为，跨国安慰剂检验证实长端钝化并非间接融资体系共性特征，而是不动产抵押货币制度的独有摩擦。本文据此提出短期逆周期调控与中长期多元抵押锚建设分层方案。

This study examines the role of financial derivatives in managing operational and financial risks within China's chemical manufacturing sector. While prior research has primarily focused on financial determinants of hedging decisions, we highlight the significant influence of operational metrics—particularly inventory levels and turnover rates—in shaping firms’ engagement in derivatives markets. Drawing from a sample of 289 publicly listed chemical firms from 2016 to 2022, we employ probit regression and K-means clustering to explore how operational and financial factors jointly determine derivatives adoption. Our empirical results reveal that operational metrics have a non-negligible impact on hedging decisions. Specifically, inventory and turnover rates emerge as primary determinants of firms' initiatives, while pre-tax operating profit remains significant from a financial perspective. The moderation analysis of cash flow reveals that financially constrained firms prioritize derivatives for operational risk mitigation, while resource-abundant firms employ them selectively for strategic optimization. Furthermore, our robustness tests, which control for geographical distinctions and the COVID-19 effect, confirm that firm-specific operational characteristics consistently dominate firms' hedging decisions despite regional heterogeneity. Finally, clustering analysis underscores the interplay between operational efficiency and capital robustness, showing that firms exhibiting superior operational efficiency and capital robustness demonstrate higher engagement in derivatives hedging. These findings contribute to the corporate risk management literature by expounding on the primacy of operational considerations in derivatives usage, particularly in asset-intensive industries. The study also provides practical implications for manufacturing firms navigating volatile market conditions, emphasizing that integrating operational and financial strategies is crucial for effective risk management.

This paper investigates the weekly evolution of child skills as measured by unique data from a widely-emulated early childhood home-visiting program developed in Jamaica, adapted to rural China, and applied in different versions worldwide. The design of the study avoids problems of endogeneity of inputs and lack of truly comparable measures of skills across children that plague previous econometric studies of child development. Skills that are nominally classified as the same, in fact, do not appear to share a common unit scale across levels. They are produced by skill-specific, lifecycle-stage-specific technologies. We formulate and estimate a new dynamic stochastic skill production model for multiple skills that is consistent with the evidence. We quantify the dynamics of early life learning. The model explains the “fadeout” of measures of learning by the emergence of new skills not properly measured. We investigate the role of ability in learning. We find important differences in learning patterns between boys and girls.

This paper examines the interactional phenomenon where an institutional complainee initiates a complaint and becomes a co-complainant with their original complainant against a third party that is proposed to have caused grievances to both participants. Institutional complainees initiate their third-party complaints when their complainants repeatedly refuse to affiliate with their attempts to shift responsibility or their proposed solutions. This shift from being the complainee to being a co-complainant is regularly accomplished through practices in which the institutional complainee: 1) produces implicit counter-complaints; 2) partitions complainants and themselves as sharing similar identities; and 3) highlights and upgrades their own grievances. Once complainants affiliate with their complaints, institutional complainees attempt to end the complaint sequences. The interactions end with a sense of solidarity sustained between the participants, even though no satisfying solutions are offered to the original complainants. The findings suggest that institutional actors can make relevant their non-institutional identities and go against what is expected of them as institutional actors to achieve the institutional task of directing blame away from their institutions. Recorded phone conversations between local residents and various institutional actors during COVID-19 lockdowns in China serve as data for this study.

Investors and forecasters often extrapolate from past returns, but whether this reffects behavioral bias or efficient information processing remains unclear. We address this questionby inferring Chinese mutual fund managers’ market expectations from textual analysis oftheir commentaries and linking them to portfolio choices and performance. Extrapola-tion is state-dependent: it is stronger when growth is above trend and idiosyncratic riskis relatively more important. It is associated with weaker market timing and strongerstock picking, leaving overall performance unchanged. Our findings support a rational-inattention model of expectation formation, in which managers shift scarce attentionbetween aggregate and stock-speciffc information as the relative importance of differentrisks change.

Using proprietary data from China’s interbank bond-pledged repo market, we show that the interest-rate risk and credit risk of the pledged bond are key determinants of repo pricing. From a bond-option perspective, we develop arbitrage-free models that anchor the repo yield curve to the pledged-bond yield curve. The fair repo haircut is interpreted as the per-unit price of a call option on the pledged bond. We extend this framework to incorporate bail-in or bail-out potential, which enhances the model’s empirical performance and provides a novel explanation for systematic repo cheapness and existence of negative haircuts.

As China's bond market expands rapidly, the complexity of financial guarantee networks and their implications for credit risk have become critical issues in both academic research and financial practice. Utilizing micro-level data from China's credit bond market spanning 2014 to 2024, this study constructs a multi-layer network incorporating bonds, guarantors, and issuing firms to empirically examine the impact of guarantor network centrality on bond credit spreads. The results reveal a significant U-shaped relationship: moderate centrality reduces spreads by bolstering market confidence, whereas excessive centrality increases them due to heightened systemic risk. Mechanism analyses identify systemic risk and information asymmetry as key mediating channels through which centrality affects credit risk premiums. Heterogeneity tests indicate that this U-shaped pattern is more pronounced among state-owned guarantors, real estate firms, and high-risk clusters within the network. Furthermore, both cross-layer connectivity within the multi-layer structure and regional financial development levels significantly moderate the centrality-spread relationship. These findings offer a structural perspective on credit risk pricing in emerging markets and provide valuable policy insights for credit rating system design, guarantee regulation, and systemic risk prevention. International investors could also leverage these findings to better assess systemic risk in interconnected financial markets across emerging economies.

城镇居民收入持续正增长，非必需消费增速却从高位大幅回落，2022年起更是逼近零增长。这一“收入稳、消费停”的矛盾格局，暴露出现行消费理论对中国居民行为的结构性盲区。本文从抵押品约束视角切入，构建“抵押品单向派生安全垫与杠杆率——双指标双向反馈——消费非对称突变”的完整因果链条。研究发现：抵押品是安全垫与杠杆率的单向底层驱动因素，反向不存在长期因果关系；双指标无固定线性相关，上行周期同向变动，下行周期反向变动，突破阈值后形成共振放大。最核心的发现是：下行阶段对非必需消费的抑制力度是上行提振的3.09倍，其中2.25倍源于损失厌恶，0.84倍来自信贷刚性收缩与宏观负螺旋。安全垫指数跌破100、居民杠杆率突破45%两条阈值击穿后，消费抑制效应非线性跳升，叠加下跌加速度、持续时长、跌幅深度、外部冲击与偿债压力五层因素，冲击强度进一步逐级放大。

We investigate the stock market reaction in China to Trump’s tariff policy announcement on April 2, 2025. We find that the tariff policy reduced stock prices of Chinese firms except those in the agricultural sector. Large-cap stocks, value stocks, stocks of high profitability firms, and stocks of state-owned enterprises experienced smaller negative impacts. Stocks with higher institutional holdings by mutual funds and Social Security Funds exhibited higher resilience, possibly due to these investors' superior capability in selecting stocks and forecasting trade war risks. In contrast, stocks held by Qualified Foreign Institutional Investors (QFII) did not exhibit such resilience.