We review theoretical and empirical work on the economic effects of the United States and China trade relations during the last decades. We first discuss the origins of the China shock, its measurement, and present methods used to study its economic effects on different outcomes. We then focus on the recent U.S.-China trade war. We discuss methods used to evaluate its effects, describe its economic effects, and analyze if this increase in trade protectionism reverted the effects of the China shock. The main lessons learned in this review are: (i) the aggregate gains from U.S.-China trade created winners and losers; (ii) China's trade expansion seems not to be the main cause of the decline in U.S. manufacturing employment during the same period; and (iii) the recent trade war generated welfare losses, had small employment effects, and was ineffective in reversing the distributional effects due to the China shock.

We empirically characterize how China is internationalizing the Renminbi by staggering the entry of different types of foreign investors into its domestic bond market and propose a dynamic reputation model to explain this strategy. Our framework rationalize China’s strategy as trying to build credibility as an international currency issuer while reducing the cost of capital flight. We provide a sufficient statistic to measure countries' reputation over time and show that it can be estimated using micro data on foreign investors' portfolios. We use our framework to explore how countries compete to become a reserve currency provider.

From 2013 to 2015, China lifted the ban on margin trading for designated stocks based on apublic ranking index. Using a regression discontinuity design that exploits the threshold rules, I find that margin trading eligibility causes the stock share turnover and prices to increase. Moreover, firms react to this speculative pressure by manipulating earnings and reducing long-term investment. These effects are stronger for firms that are more prone to investor short-termism ex-ante. Consistent with managerial myopia, marginable firms later experience a decline in operating performance. My results suggest that margin traders, as short-term speculators, pressure the manager to focus on current earnings and take myopic actions.

We document the rise of China in offshore capital markets. Chinese firms use global tax havens to access foreign capital both in equity and bond markets. In the last twenty years, China's presence went from raising a negligible amount of capital in these markets to accounting for more than half of equity issuance and around a fifth of global corporate bonds outstanding in tax havens. Using rich micro data, we show that a range of Chinese firms, including both tech giants and SOEs, use these offshore centers. We conclude by discussing the macroeconomic and financial stability implications of these patterns.

Using a difference-in-differences (DID) approach, this research assesses the effect of a firm’s credit rating issued by domestic rating agencies on stock price crash risk (SPCR). The results show that SPCR for treated firms decreases by 11% after firm ratings, suggesting that they can aggravate information content at the firm level. The effect is consistently more evident when stock price synchronization is higher and is stronger in firms with low media coverage, in firms with low audit quality, in state-controlled firms, and in firms with low investor protection. In addition, during a bear market year, the quality of firm ratings is higher. Overall, our findings support that investors could gain more information via firm ratings issued by credit rating agencies. Through our research, policymakers and investors can pay more attention to firm ratings that help play the information intermediary role of credit rating agencies.

汇率制度的选择一直是国际金融领域重点探讨的问题之一。本文通过构建新凯恩斯理论模型探讨了资本账户开放下汇率制度的选择。通过比较不同资本账户开放速度、不同汇率制度与不同货币政策规则下，产出、通胀率与汇率的波动情况，并进行福利分析，本文主要得到以下结论：（1）随着汇率制度从相对固定转化为浮动，福利损失不断下降，且随着资本账户开放速度的提高福利损失下降的幅度降低；（2）在本文设定的各种汇率制度下，资本账户的开放都是有助于福利提高的，特别是在资本账户开放速度提高的初始阶段，福利会有显著地提高；（3）资本账户开放要循序渐进地进行，同时进行汇率制度改革才能实现本国的福利最优。本文的结论得到资本账户开放国家开放事实的支持。

普惠金融已经成为全球和中国金融业发展的一个重要理念。在传统金融机构加大普惠金融实践的同时，依赖信息技术、大数据技术和云计算等创新技术的互联网金融进一步拓展了普惠金融的触达能力和服务范围。为了科学、准确地刻画中国数字普惠金融的发展现状，我们利用中国代表性互联网金融机构-蚂蚁金服关于数字普惠金融的微观数据，编制了一套 2011-2015 年省级、城市和县域三个层级的“数字普惠金融指数”。指数结果显示数字普惠金融是实现低成本、广覆盖和可持续的普惠金融的重要模式，数字普惠金融为经济落后地区实现普惠金融赶超经济发达地区提供了可能。

尽管中国股票市场已成为继美国之后全球第二大股票市场，中国 A 股却经常被人诟病为与实体经济严重脱钩。本文以中国 A 股市场股票质押为切入口，创新性地构建了“股票质押融资规模”变量，通过运用固定效应模型、双重差分方法、工具变量检验、匹配样本回归等多种方法，作者对股票质押融资规模与上市公司投资之间的关系进行了实证探讨，进而对“A 股脱钩论”进行解答。稳健性的实证结果表示，中国 A 股上市公司的股票质押融资会显著提高上市公司的投资水平。股票质押融资每增加 1 个标准差，公司投资增加 3.6%个标准差。影响渠道方面，股票质押融资通过“信息渠道”而非“外部融资约束渠道”对上市公司的投资行为产生影响。此外，股票质押融资规模与上市公司投资效率正相关。本文研究结论不仅打破了“A 股脱钩论”，而且从侧面反映出当前监管层对股票质押融资受困企业进行纾困的正当性和必要性。

金融监管制度的有效执行依赖于针对监管者行为的激励设计。在中国，与地方官员类似，监管官员的职位升迁也往往由上级选拔决定，即面临政治激励，本文将代表中央金融监管的省级银监局局长与代表地方银行的城商行特征数据进行匹配，考察监管官员的政治激励是否通过影响其监管行为对城商行的信贷投放产生影响。实证分析发现：首先，在资本、资产质量、流动性等监管指标中，资本监管绩效显著影响银监局局长的升迁；其次，银监局局长在政治激励下的监管行为，促使城商行提高资本充足率，进而抑制了其信贷投放；最后，地方政府信贷干预、经济周期、货币政策以及资本市场融资程度等外部环境的不同，也使得银监局局长的监管产生差异化效应。

本文首先从理论上分析了当上下游企业之间存着长期合作关系时，上游企业可以根据下游企业的表现调整未来商业信用成本从而控制下游企业的债务代理问题。商业信用缓解了银行信用在控制下游企业债务代理问题时的困难，从而有助于减轻下游企业的融资约束，提升资金配置效率。商业信用的存在使得上游企业成为特殊的信用中介，即上游企业可以更容易的从银行得到贷款，通过商业信用的方式将资金借给下游企业来缓解融资约束问题。本文然后通过实证研究得到，当企业债务代理成本提高时，企业获取的银行信用会降低，而获取的商业信用在增加，银行信用和商业信用之和降低,企业债务融资能力下降。