本文研究股票市场中的交易量权重价格动态均衡，用最大交易量权重价格表示价格参照点或均衡点。我们假设日内股价由于动量效应不断地偏离该价格均衡点，又由于反转效应重新返回，并且交易量权重在价格区间的分布服从一组解析的交易量权重价格动态均衡模型。通过量化动量交易、反转交易和相互作用交易，我们构建了价量概率波二阶微分方程，得到了交易量权重价格动态均衡的数学模型，并且用相互一致性偏好来解释该动态均衡的形成机制。利用我国 A 股市场每笔交易的高频数据进行实证检验，表明了该模型的有效性。交易量权重价格动态均衡模型的数学表达式包含了期望效用理论、前景理论和反射理论的主要内容，具有很好的应用前景，例如可以建立相互作用条件下的动态均衡风险模型及其风险管理。

It has been long that literature in financial academics focuses mainly on price and return but much less on trading volume. In the past twenty years, it has already linked both price and trading volume to economic fundamentals, and explored the behavioral implications of trading volume such as investor’s attitude toward risks, overconfidence, disagreement, and attention etc. However, what is surprising is how little we really know about trading volume. Here we show that trading volume probability represents the frequency of market crowd’s trading action in terms of behavior analysis, and test two adaptive hypotheses relevant to the volume uncertainty associated with price in China stock market. The empirical work reveals that market crowd trade a stock in efficient adaptation except for simple heuristics, gradually tend to achieve agreement on an outcome or an asset price widely on a trading day, and generate such a stationary equilibrium price very often in interaction and competition among themselves no matter whether it is highly overestimated or underestimated. This suggests that asset prices include not only a fundamental value but also private information, speculative, sentiment, attention, gamble, and entertainment values etc. Moreover, market crowd adapt to gain and loss by trading volume increase or decrease significantly in interaction with environment in any two consecutive trading days. Our results demonstrate how interaction between information and news, the trading action, and return outcomes in the three-term feedback loop produces excessive trading volume which includes various internal and external causes. Finally, we reconcile market dynamics and crowd’s trading behaviors in a unified framework by Shi’s price-volume differential equation in stock market where, we assume, investors derive a liquidity utility expressed in terms of trading wealth which is equal to the sum of a probability weighting utility and a reversal utility in reference to an outcome. JEL Classifications: G12, G02, D83 （长期以来，金融学术领域里的文献只注重价格和收益率，却较少研究交易量。在最近的二十年里，金融学术文献已经开始研究价格和交易量两者与经济基本量之间的相互关系，并且探讨交易量的行为内涵，例如投资者对风险的态度、过度自信、不同观点以及关注程度等等。然而，我们还是对交易量的认识知之甚少。本文根据行为分析，用交易量概率来表示市场群体的交易频率，并且通过我国股市来实证检验涉及交易量与价格之间不确定关系的两种适应性假说。实证结果表明：市场群体在每日交易的时间窗口内除了采用简单的经验法则之外，同时还采用有效的适应性方式来从事股票交易，并且逐步倾向于形成一个结果和认同的资产价格；无论该资产价格是否明显地被高估或低估，市场群体在相互作用和竞争的过程中往往能够形成这样一个稳态的均衡价格。这表明了资产价格不仅包含了基本价值同时还包含了非公开信息、投机、情绪、关注、赌博和娱乐等价值。此外，在任意两个连续交易日之间，市场群体在与市场环境的相互作用过程中，通过交易量的增加或减少来有效地适应盈亏。我们的研究结果说明了在由信息、交易与收益结果三项构成的反馈环中，它们之间的相互作用是如何导致了过度交易的，这其中包含了导致过度交易的各种内外因素。最后，我们假设股票市场中的投资者是通过交易财富来产生流动性效用，它等于概率加权效用与相对于结果为参照系的反转效用之和，从而推导出Shi氏价-量微分方程，将市场动力学行为与群体交易行为协调在一个统一的框架体系。）

It has been long that literature in financial academics focuses mainly on price and return but much less on trading volume. In the past twenty years, it has already linked both price and trading volume to economic fundamentals, and explored the behavioral implications of trading volume such as investor’s attitude toward risks, overconfidence, disagreement, and attention etc. However, what is surprising is how little we really know about trading volume. Here we show that trading volume probability represents the frequency of market crowd’s trading action in terms of behavior analysis, and test two crowd’s trading behavioral hypotheses relevant to the volume uncertainty associated with price in China stock market. The empirical work reveals that market crowd trade in simple heuristics and efficient adaptation, gradually tend to achieve agreement on an outcome or an asset price widely on a trading day, and generate such a stationary equilibrium price very often in interaction among themselves no matter whether it is highly overestimated or underestimated, suggesting that asset prices include not only a fundamental value but also private information, speculative, sentiment, gamble, and entertainment values etc. In addition, market crowd adapt to gain and loss by trading volume increase or decrease significantly in interaction with environment in any two consecutive trading days. Our results demonstrate how interaction between information and news, the trading action, and return outcomes in the three-term feedback loop produces excessive trading volume which includes various internal and external causes. Finally, we reconcile market dynamics and crowd’s trading behaviors in a unified framework by Shi’s price-volume differential equation in stock market where, we assume, investors derive a liquidity utility expressed in terms of trading wealth which is equal to the sum of a probability weighting utility and a reversal utility in reference to an outcome. JEL Classifications: G12, G02, D83 (长期以来，金融学术领域里的文献只注重价格和收益率，却较少研究交易量。在最近的二十年里，金融学术文献已经开始研究价格和交易量两者与经济基本量之间的相互关系，并且探讨交易量的行为内涵，例如投资者对风险的态度、过度自信、不同观点以及关注程度等等。然而，我们还是对交易量的认识知之甚少。本文根据行为分析，用交易量概率来表示市场群体的交易频率，并且通过我国股市来实证检验交易量与价格之间不确定关系中关于群体交易行为的两个基本假说。实证结果表明：市场群体在每日交易的时间窗口内采用简单的经验法则和有效的适应方式来从事交易，并且总是逐步地倾向于形成一个结果和认同的资产价格；无论该资产价格是否明显地被高估或低估，市场群体在相互作用的过程中往往能够形成这样一个稳态的均衡价格，这表明了资产价格不仅包含基本价值同时还包含非公开信息、投机、情绪、赌博和娱乐等价值。此外，在任意两个连续交易日之间，市场群体在与市场环境的相互作用过程中，通过交易量的增加或减少来有效地适应盈亏。我们的研究结果说明了在由信息、交易与收益结果三项构成的反馈环中，它们之间的相互作用是如何导致了过度交易的，这其中包含了导致过度交易的各种内外因素。最后，我们假设股票市场中的投资者是通过交易财富来产生流动性效用，它等于概率加权效用与相对于结果为参照系的反转效用之和，从而推导出Shi氏价-量微分方程，将市场动力学行为与群体交易行为协调在一个统一的框架体系。)

It has been long that literature in finance focuses mainly on price and return but much less on trading volume, even completely ignoring it. There is no information on supply-demand quantity and trading volume in neoclassical finance models. Contrary to one of the clearest predictions of rational models of investment in a neoclassical paradigm, however, trading volume is very high on the world’s stock market. Here we extend Shi’s price-volume differential equation, propose a notion of trading conditioning, and measure the intensity of market crowd trading conditioning by accumulative trading volume probability in the wave equation in terms of classical and operant conditioning in behavior analysis. Then, we develop three kinds of market crowd trading behavior models according to the equation, and test them using high frequency data in China stock market. It is hardly surprising that we find: 1) market crowd behave coherence in interaction widely and reach agreement on a stationary equilibrium price between momentum and reversal traders; 2) market crowd adapt to stationary equilibrium price by volume probability increase or decrease in interaction between market crowd and environment (or information and events) in an open feedback loop, and keep coherence by conversion between the two types of traders when it jumps and results in an expected return from time to time, the outcome of prior trading action; 3) while significant herd and disposition “anomalies” disappear simultaneously by learning experience in a certain circumstance, other behavioral “anomalies”, for examples, greed and panic, pronounce significantly in decision making. Specifically, a contingency of return reinforcement and punishment, which includes a variety of internal and external causes, produces excessive trading volume. The behavioral annotation on the volume probability suggests key links and the new methods of mathematical finance for quantitative behavioral finance.长期以来，金融的学术文献主要关注价格和回报率，很少考虑甚至完全忽视了交易量。新经典金融模型就没有供需量和交易量的信息。然而，与新经典框架理性投资模型的预计结果不同，交易量在世界的股票市场上是非常大的。我们基于Shi的价-量微分方程，根据行为分析中的经典性和操作性条件反射，提出了交易性条件反射的概念，并且用该方程中的累计交易量概率来计量市场群体交易性条件反射的强度。由该方程，我们得到三种市场群体的交易行为模型，并且用我国股市的高频数据进行实证分析。不难发现：1）市场群体在相互作用的过程中普遍地表现出相互一致的行为特征，趋势和反转交易者之间存在着一个大家都能够接受的稳态均衡价格；2）交易行为有时会导致稳态均衡价格出现跳跃、带来预期收益率，这时，市场群体在开放的反馈环中，通过与环境（或信息和事件）之间的相互作用，由成交量概率的增加或减少来适应该均衡价格的变化，趋势和反转交易者也会通过相互转换保持市场群体行为的相互一致性； 3）尽管在某特定环境下市场群体通过学习实践，羊群和处置行为同时消失了，但是其他行为“异象”，例如贪婪与恐慌，在决策中却表现的十分显著。特别地，收益率强化和惩罚过程，其中包含各种内外因素，导致过度交易量。累计交易量概率的行为诠释为计量行为金融学提供了关键性的纽带作用和数学金融的新方法。

深化认识马克思的经济危机理论、全面准确认识危机成因，以从容应对经济危机。本文梳理分析经济危机的相关成因后认为：依据对危机生成的主次作用，可将危机成因概分为基本因素与其他因素；危机成因之间存在错综复杂的的交互影响；危机的生成是诸多因素共同作用的结果；在不同的社会条件下，众因素之间会产生不同的组合与作用，故历次危机的具体进程多有不同；危机的具体进程对危机成因亦有重要影响；由于危机的发生仍具必然性及其作用的双重性，大家的应对措施应更具综合性与远瞻性。 Abstract:reasons for the formation economic crisis,Can be divided into basic factors and other factors;(The basic factors：economic crisis the fundamental role in the cause or condition; Other factors: the economic crisis affects the process of causes or conditions.) The generation of the crisis required a lot of factors to produce a combination; In different periods of different social conditions, the factors can be generated between the different combinations,So the previous crisis the process and forms of expression are different; Psychological factors is difficult to walk alone,And the basic factors, other factors to form" "locked together" interaction, Affect the economic crisis of the whole process. " The monetary function evolution" and " distribution according to capital", as the economic crisis generation provides the most direct impetus; Because the crisis still has the inevitability and the dualism of the crisis, crisis-intervention policy should be more comprehensive and far-sighted.

本文构建了一个关于一国内部地区/城市间价格水平差异的全面均衡模型。其核心思想是， 生产方面的聚集效应与体现为高房价和高服务业价格的“拥挤效应”相互作用，形成一个由不同类 型城市所组成的城市体系，这些城市在人口规模、物价水平、收入水平、以及居民技能水平等方面 都呈正相关。该模型同时是一个关于国际价格水平差异的替代性理论。模型还表明，与学界流行观 点相反，经济一体化与地区间价格差异程度并无必然联系。

基于VAR模型我们分析了货币供给冲击与汇率变动对我国工农产品相对价格的影响。研究结果显示，货币供给冲击会造成一定时期内我国农产品和工业品相对价格的调整，所得结果支持货币冲击下农产品价格超调（overshooting）。另外，研究还显示，开放经济体系下货币供给变量与汇率变量之间彼此相互作用和影响，且汇率的变动也会影响到国内农产品和工业品的相对价格水平，人民币汇率上升在前期不利于农产品和工业品的相对价格，但后期却是有利于农产品和工业品相对价格的。方差分解结果显示，货币供给冲击大约解释了我国农产品和工业品相对价格变动的16%左右，而汇率冲击大约解释了我国农产品和工业品相对价格变动的28%左右，汇率的影响比较重要。

针对我国汇率和利率制度的特殊安排，本文首先建立一般均衡理论模型以体现 我国特定的经济结构。我们证明，在外生变量的约束下，我国存在一个产出、价格、货币供给、 出口和进口相互作用的一般均衡系统。然后本文以理论模型作为指导，建立结构向量自回归 （SVAR）模型以估计系统的动态调节特征。最后通过脉冲响应分析，我们分析了人民币升值对 宏观经济的动态影响。结论是：升值对国际贸易的作用过程呈现“J 曲线”效应；升值减少了内生 货币发行并确有助于抑制价格水平；升值在短期内降低了总产出，但长期内则稍有助于产出增 长；升值的影响具有长期性和持久性。本文还阐述了升值动态作用的经济学机理，并据此提出 了政策建议。

石油价格和储备一定是反比例关系，增加石油储备就可以抑制石油价格上涨似乎已经成为定论，本文利用相关分析、协整检验、格兰杰因果检验，通过建立VEC模型进行脉冲响应分析和方差分解，发现不同的储备在不同时段与油价的关系是不同的：WTI 价格与战略储备一直是正相关关系，2004年之前WTI 价格与美国商业储备CPR和OECD储备呈负相关关系，2004年之后转化为正相关关系，OECD与原油期货价格间的相互作用最明显，三种原油储备与油价间存在长期均衡关系且对油价影响有滞后。储备对油价的走势不产生影响，但可以抑制油价的波动幅度，储备相比汇率和供需变化及投机等因素对油价的影响力较弱，所以单纯靠储备调整价格是不现实的，必须建立期货市场，并辅之税收等其他手段。

本文研究了“大非”、“小非”解禁背景下中国上市公司大股东减持时机与管理者盈余预测时机的相互作用关系。研究结果表明，一方面，大股东减持时机会影响管理者盈余预测时机偏好，即在大股东减持前，管理者盈余预测好消息的偏好显著增强，在大股东减持后，管理者盈余预测好消息的偏好显著减弱；另一方面，大股东能够利用公司盈余预测时机及属性选择减持时机， 即在管理者盈余预测好消息后， 大股东减持公司股份的偏好显著增强，在管理者盈余预测好消息前，大股东减持偏好显著下降。此外，在考虑公司治理影响时，大股东减持前管理者盈余预测好消息的偏好显著增强。