Straddle Option is a financial trading tool that explores volatility premiums in high-volatility markets without predicting price direction. Although deep reinforcement learning has emerged as a powerful approach to trading automation in financial markets, existing work mostly focused on predicting price trends and making trading decisions by combining multidimensional datasets like blogs and videos, which led to high computational costs and unstable performance in high-volatility markets. To tackle this challenge, we develop automated straddle option trading based on reinforcement learning and attention mechanisms to handle unpredictability in high-volatility markets. Firstly, we leverage the attention mechanisms in Transformer DDQN through both self-attention with time series data and channel attention with multi-cycle information. Secondly, a novel reward function considering excess earnings is designed to focus on long-term profits and neglect short-term losses over a stop line. Thirdly, we identify the resistance levels to provide reference information when great uncertainty in price movements occurs with intensified battle between the buyers and sellers. Through extensive experiments on the Chinese stock, Brent crude oil, and Bitcoin markets, our attention-based Transformer-DDQN model exhibits the lowest maximum drawdown across all markets, and outperforms other models by 92.5% in terms of the average return excluding the crude oil market due to relatively low fluctuation.

In this paper, we design two chapters to discuss trade dynamics with heterogeneous fluctuations, contributing new insights to macroeconomic issues related to international trade. In the first chapter, we model general exchange rate fluctuations through stochastic processes and analyze the impact of heterogeneous price shocks on export competitiveness. We find that monetary policy and innovation both show positive effects on export trade, while monetary policy stabilizes exchange rate fluctuations to comprehensively boost provincial export competitiveness, innovation reduces its reliance on exchange rate mechanisms. The optimal policy according to exchange rate fluctuations aims to solve the wealth distribution of exporters, and it suggests that optimal policy should promote dynamic transitions in trade patterns rather than maintain existing comparative advantages in heterogeneous trade structures. In the second chapter, we model labor market fluctuations and the ability to utilize production factors through stochastic processes, and we analyze the impact of heterogeneous aggregate production shocks on general international trade. We find that labor market fluctuations only benefit international trade under the cooperation policy. Moreover, for both sanction and cooperation policy scenarios, positive shocks (i.e., shocks where average wage growth in the labor market exceeds unemployment) strengthen their impact on import trade while weakening their impact on export trade, and vice versa. Regarding the theories proposed in these two chapters, we prove them through empirical analyses using the provincial data of China.

基于资本“金融生息与生产增值”的二重属性，本文构建二维资本汇率定价理论（Capital-Pricing Exchange Rate Theorem,CPERT）。从无套利公理出发证明：汇率由利差与资本边际产出（MPK）差值共同决定，两大因子近似独立且定价权重对等，无摩擦环境下对冲系数精确等于√2。传统无抛补利率平价仅为该框架在MPK差值为零时的特殊形式。三维数据集（1998—2025年，中美长时序+省级面板+27国跨国面板）的实证结果验证了这一理论预言：双因子模型调整后R²为81.27%，较传统单一利差模型提升约17个百分点；24个市场化经济体的对冲系数均值为1.450，与√2理论基准的相对偏差约为2.54%，统计上无法拒绝二者相等的原假设。研究进一步识别出跨境资本的三层异质性，以及利差与MPK的双重门槛效应，据此划分四类汇率风险状态。由此形成的√2双重稳健性标准、金融结构杠杆乘数与三元悖论弹性系数三类工具，可应用于跨境收支统计校验与宏观政策评估。二维框架弱化了传统三元悖论的刚性约束，为开放经济体协同实现货币政策独立与汇率稳定提供了量化依据。

新质生产力实体资产技术迭代速度快、有效运营周期偏短，传统永续现金流折现估值易产生系统性偏差，导致该类资产难以被商业银行认定为合格抵质押物，融资约束问题突出。结合股份制银行实地调研与公开行业数据测算，国内新质生产力实体资产抵押融资存在显著规模缺口，形成“资产具备稳定收益、却难以实现抵押融资”的结构性矛盾。本文构建达叔（DASU,Debt Asset Settlement Unit,偿债资产清算单元）估值框架，以历史经营性现金流为核心锚点，设定五年估值截断规则与五维度审慎折价体系，依托三方均衡模型完成理论推演，并选取 49 只公募 REITs 开展实证检验。结果显示，框架估值与市场成交均价平均偏差仅 1.50%，估值波动较传统永续模型下降 42.3%；五维模型整体解释力达 89.2%，市场投机因子边际影响不足 0.5%，对新质生产力资产、粤港澳大湾区标的适配性更强。研究提炼现金流锚定、期限匹配两大理论命题，形成可审计的银行抵质押物估值标准，为商业银行估值逻辑转向有限期审慎评估提供实证支撑。

全球美元流动性的周期性涨跌被学界称作 “美元潮汐”，传统研究过度强调美联储政策、跨境资本等外生因素，不仅存在因果逻辑倒置问题，也难以精准研判周期演化趋势。本文以 1900—2025 年美国长时序数据为样本，提取十年期美债收益率的中长期周期成分作为观测变量，结合非线性框架下的临界逃逸速度与结构相变理论展开实证研究。结果显示，人口代际滞后特征与住房按揭存续周期构成了美元潮汐的内生底层约束；人口结构、住房偿债负担率、资本边际产出三类核心变量，对美元潮汐外生波动的解释力度达到 51.7%。1983 年是美元运行体系发生永久性结构突变的关键节点，适龄购房人口占比突破 22.0% 临界阈值后，市场波动模式发生本质转变，形成稳定的周期性运行态势。外部扰动仅具备短期效应，无法左右周期的中长期运行轨迹。本文厘清了美元潮汐的内生形成机理，实证发现 26 年人口代际周期与美元潮汐周 期存在固定嵌套关系，一个完整人口代际周期恰好对应 1.5 轮美元潮汐。

As companies and investors globalize, we are increasingly faced with estimation questions about the risk associated with this globalization. When investors invest in China Mobile, Infosys or Vale, they may be rewarded with higher returns, but they are also exposed to additional risk. When Siemens and Apple push for growth in Asia and Latin America, they clearly are exposed to the political and economic turmoil that often characterize these markets. In practical terms, how, if at all, should we adjust for this additional risk? We will begin the paper with an overview of overall country risk, its sources and measures. We will continue with a discussion of sovereign default risk and examine sovereign ratings and credit default swaps (CDS) as measures of that risk. We will extend that discussion to look at country risk from the perspective of equity investors, by looking at equity risk premiums for different countries and consequences for valuation. In the fourth section, we argue that a company’s exposure to country risk should not be determined by where it is incorporated and traded. By that measure, neither Coca Cola nor Nestle are exposed to country risk. Exposure to country risk should come from a company’s operations, making country risk a critical component of the valuation of almost every large multinational corporation. In the final section, we will also look at how to move across currencies in valuation and capital budgeting, and how to avoid mismatching errors.

Overwork intensity (OI) is a salient issue that directly affects employees’ motivation and productivity. By using a novel dataset of overwork intensity constructed from daily high-resolution nightlight satellite images, we examine whether overwork intensity is a priced risk in the cross-section of stock returns. We show that a zero-investment portfolio that buys the highest OI quintile stocks and shorts the lowest OI quintile stocks earns 0.495% returns per month. This result is robust when controlling for various well-known risk factors. We argue and empirically verify that profftability, corporate governance, investor sentiment and lottery preference are the potential channels that drive the result.

This study examines the pricing effect of global economic policy uncertainty (GEPU) in the cross-section of individual stocks and portfolios in the Chinese stock market. Employing the GEPU index as a systematic risk factor, our empirical analysis demonstrates that stocks in the lowest decile of βGEPU generate risk-adjusted annualized returns that are 5.16% higher than those in the highest decile. Our analysis reveals that this βGEPU premium is driven by the outperformance of stocks with negative βGEPU and the underperformance of those with positive βGEPU. These findings suggest that uncertainty-averse investors not only demand compensation for holding stocks with negative βGEPU exposure but are also willing to pay a hedging premium for assets that serve as positive βGEPU hedges. The results prove robust across multiple specifications, persisting in both bivariate portfolio sorts and Fama-MacBeth cross-sectional regressions that control an extensive set of classic pricing factors.

中国经济增速自 2012 年起持续下行，学界对其潜在增速的判断长期存在分歧。本文基于2005Q1—2025Q4中国31个省级行政区季度面板数据，构建“双场景 + 双红利 + 双约束”统一分析框架，系统检验不同经济循环模式下的增长约束机制。对比多种计量方法的稳健性后，采用工具变量法、多期 DID、中介效应、滚动窗口门槛回归、反事实模拟及异质性企业 DSGE 模型开展实证分析，得到三项核心结论。第一，中国经济增长呈现清晰的四阶段演化特征，外需主导期与内需主导期的约束机制存在本质差异；仅在外需主导阶段，美元M2增速与GDP增速存在显著倒 U 型关系，7%—10%为最优黄金区间。第二，3.30% 实际融资利率与零边际利润率双重约束严格锁定内需主导期增长，一旦进入“越投越亏”区间，GDP增速将出现断崖式回落。第三，现有研究关于潜在增速的分歧，本质是无条件收敛假说与有条件收敛假说的视角差异。本文拓展了开放条件下的经济收敛理论，构建的双场景双约束分析框架，为理解中国经济增速换挡提供了新的理论视角与实证支撑。

本文首先构建地方政府、商业银行与实体企业三部门联动理论模型，从信贷资源配置视角揭示赋予地方政府正式举债权如何影响企业融资。在此基础上，以2015年地方政府债务管理体制改革为准自然实验，匹配2010-2022年我国上市企业数据，实证考察地方政府债务治理对企业违约风险的影响及机制。研究发现，地方债改革对企业违约风险具有显著缓释作用。机制分析表明，地方债改革能够抑制融资平台对信贷资源的刚性挤占，推动信贷资源从融资平台向一般企业重新配置，进而通过提升信贷可得性、缓解流动性约束以及降低融资成本、纾解偿债压力双重路径缓释企业违约风险。对于非国有控股、融资约束较强、短债长用较严重及市场化程度较低地区的企业，地方债改革的风险缓释效应更加突出，表明地方债改革对处于相对弱势地位的融资主体具有更强边际改善效应。本研究为理解地方政府债务治理的实体经济效应提供了新的视角，也为健全政府债务管理长效机制、营造公平稳定的实体融资环境提供了政策参考。