企业资本结构的选择对企业价值和资源配置效率有重要的影响。本文通过对企业融资偏好理论的简要回顾和我国上市公司融资偏好的描述，指出我国上市公司具有强烈的股权融资偏好，从融资成本、资本市场发展的功能定位和融资制度安排分析了产生强股权融资偏好的原因，最后提出了一些优化上市公司资本结构，提高资源配置效率的政策建议。

今年年初以来，日本、美国等外界又纷纷提出人民币要升值，甚至重提类似1985年的“广场协议”，使人民币汇率面临升值的压力。 本文认为，虽人民币汇率有一定升值压力，但未必象外界所认为的那样严重，在短期仍要保持稳定的汇率。

中国上市公司存在着强烈的增长冲动。公司可以利用盈利水平来发送自身质量的信号，以获得更多的再融资支持未来的增长，但这要以牺牲现期增长水平为代价。当证监会决定未达到强制性业绩标准的公司不允许再融资时，一些低质量公司为获得再融资不得不牺牲现期的增长水平以追求达到再融资标准的盈利水平，这是“10％”、“6％”现象产生的原因。如果考虑到公司可能操纵业绩，公司将比较作假成本、牺牲增长水平的成本和获得再融资的收益以决定是否和怎样达到再融资标准，“10％”、“6％”现象依然存在；此时，一些质量很低和很高的公司将会达到再融资标准，而质量处于中间层的公司将不会达到再融资标准。

车险费率市场化是保险业发展的必然要求。车险费率的过度竞争导致了自律同盟的产生。在短期内，自律同盟对市场秩序的维护会起到积极作用。但行业自律组织的持续存在与功能发挥需要一定的条件。所以在长期中，保险公司应借助于产品创新、营销创新、完善服务等来提高自身竞争力，促进车险市场的健康发展。

Abstract: This paper is mainly to achieve two aims: 1. present industry analysis on investment banking business; 2. value Goldman Sachs stock through different methods. The paper is consisted of eight parts. Part one is introduction. In part two we make a general review on I-banking industry. In part three we present the profile of Goldman Sachs Group. Then in part four we will analyse GS financial data, based on its latest annual reports. In part five, we will briefly list business risks for GS. In part six we compare fundamental valuation ratios of three biggest investment banks. In part seven we present relevant valuation theory and then value Goldman Sachs stock through three methods: Dividend Discount Model, Price multiples and a simple Residual Income Model. As a final step, in the eighth part we draw a general conclusion of the paper.

Many articles agreed that it is possible for speculators to manipulate stock prices. In this article, we give a dynamic model to show in detail how one type of the trade-based manipulation is realized in stock markets, especially in emerging stock markets, where manipulators have dominative information and fund over the uninformed investors. In our model, we assume that uniformed investors predict future price movement with their forecasting model, the number of uniformed investors who decide to buy stocks increases with fitting degree of the forecasting model for past price data and the model parameters. With these assumptions, manipulators take two-step strategy (pumping the price and selling stocks at higher prices), the pumping step aims to absorb uninformed investors' following by buying the stock by use of the forecasting model, and the selling step is to sell all the stock in higher prices by trying their best to control the supplies and continually attracting the uniformed investors’ following. We show that manipulators can realize their strategies and maximize their final wealth by controlling the strength of pumping and deciding the time length to sell out the stocks. Two numerical examples are also given.

目前我国对寿险业实行比较严格的进入规制，进入规制会影响到不同类型市场结构的形成。由于寿险业经营的特殊性，入世后在进一步开放市场的前提下，我国应采取必要的政府规制措施，保持适度垄断，形成寡头垄断的理想市场结构模式。

银行并购是银行业变革在组织机构上的体现，这种变革的发生会对并购银行本身、相关国家及国际银行业产生深远影响。中国经过20多年的改革，银行业发生了巨变。随着经济增长回升和经济效益改善，银行业的竞争力明显提高，已初步具备了现代商业银行特征。然而，一些诸如竞争性不强、规模不经济；稳健性不够、盈利能力不强等深层次问题依然突出。通过分析，银行并购可以提升中国银行业的竞争力，解决规模不经济问题，培育大型企业集团等，是一种较为理想的改革中国银行业的途径。 It is bank’s M&A that embodies the change of banking on the organization.While inevitably exert a far-reaching effect on the banks themselves in the M&A, it will influence the relevant country and international banking. In China, the banking structure has been improved since 1978. But from the data in the paper, we can conclude that Chinese banking market structure is oligopoly and Chinese banking is inefficient. It is just the Bank’s M&A that can promote the competitive power of Chinese banking, improve the reasonable allocation of financial resources, and ensure the stability of financial system. Bank’s M&A is a comparatively ideal way to reform Chinese banking.

This is the first study that uses Merton’s (1974) option pricing model to compute default measures for individual firms and assess the effect of default risk on equity returns. The size effect is a default effect, and this is also largely true for the book-to-market (BM) effect. Both exist only in segments of the market with high default risk. Default risk is systematic risk. The Fama-French (FF) factors SMB and HML contain some default-related information, but this is not the main reason that the FF model can explain the cross-section of equity returns.

受人均GDP、居民收入水平、人口年龄结构等因素影响，我国各省区人身保险业务有较大差异。本文通过建立回归模型对造成这种差异的原因进行了分析，并提出了几点建议。