This paper deals with the option-pricing problem. In the first part of the paper we study in more details the discrete setting of the option-pricing problem usually referred to as the binomial scheme. We highlight basic differences between the old and the new approaches. The main qualitative distinction of the new pricing approach from either binomial or Black Scholes’s is that it represents the option price as a stochastic process. This stochastic interpretation can not give straightforward advantage for an investor due to stochastic setting of the pricing problem. The new approach explicitly states that the options price is more risky than represented by binomial scheme or Black Scholes theory. Continuous setting will be considered in the second part of the paper following [1]. One significant conclusion follows from the new model. It states that there is no sense in using either neutral probabilities or ‘neutral world’ applications for options valuation either theoretically or numerically. Recall that after the Black Scholes’ publication [2] the ‘simplified’ approach named later binomial scheme was introduced in [3]. In this paper referring to the historical tradition we first represent discrete scheme. In several examples we discuss two-period plain vanilla option valuation. Then we extend the discrete scheme applications to an exotic option-pricing referred to as a compound option. The compound option in Black Scholes setting was first studied in [4] and then in [5,6]. To highlight the difference between stochastic and deterministic option price definitions note that if a deterministic value is interpreted as a perfect or fair price we can comment that the stochastic interpretation provides this number or any other with the probability that real world option value at maturity will be bellow chosen number. This probability is a pricing risk of the option. Thus with an investor’s motivation of the option pricing the stochastic approach gives information about the risk taking. The investor analyzing option price and corresponding risk makes a decision to purchase the option or not. As far as this paper presents alternative point on option pricing it might be useful to present a short history of this development. Recall that according the US law institutions must provide clients by the risk information regarding client’s prospective on their investments. This circumstance implies importance new approach measuring risk of investments. Different parts of this paper were submitted and sent to journals, conferences, and prominent professors. The third part of the paper was sent to Federal Reserve from the Congressman office and simple examples showing drawbacks of the benchmark option valuation method were submitted to SEC in August 2002.

股指期货是20世纪80年代发展起来的新型投资工具，具有价格发现、规避风险、投机、套利等功能，能够有效完善证券市场的功能与机制。尽管受到1987年美国股市崩溃的影响而陷于为期近两年的停滞阶段，但90年代以来，随着网络革命的兴起和全球资本市场一体化以及机构投资者的崛起，股指期货已经成为全球金融衍生品市场中最具活力的组成部分，在国际金融市场中的地位与作用越来越重要。随着中国证券市场规模的不断扩大和机构投资者的成长以及实施QFII之后，对通过股指期货等金融创新工具来推动市场深化的要求日益迫切。本文考察了推出中国股指期货的现实需求、分析了股指期货对现货市场的影响及其与国际股灾的关系，最后提出了目前发展中国股指期货的对策建议。

主要全球化大银行已经开始了按照客户群重组银行业务的历程。客户型组织结构的最大挑战在于如何在客户与产品线及地域之间取得协调。银行在解决这一矛盾的实践中，已经形成了几种管理模式比较具有代表性的，采用得较为广泛的则是以花旗集团为代表的矩阵（Matrix）模式。而荷兰银行（ABN AMRO Bank）在3年前又推出了创新模式：战略业务单位（Strategic Business Nuit，以下简称SBU）组织管理结构。本文旨在对荷兰银行首创的这一全新组织结构和内部管理 的新模式作初步分析评估。

This paper studies the pricing of IPOs in the Indian context. The paper also examines whether the introduction of Bookbuilding has an impact on IPO pricing. The results suggest that IPO are underpriced. The results also suggest that bookbuilt IPOs show lower amount of underpricing than fixed price issues,. A more detailed study suggests that it has to do more with the size of the issue than the issue process. The paper also suggests a model, which demonstrates that IPO underpricing is unavoidable in a market with information asymmetry. The model predicts that the underpricing is more severe in case of smaller size issues. This is consistent with the empirical findings.

This paper reviews the two most important papers of contemporary banking theories: Contemporary Banking Theory (Bhattacharya et al 1993) and Theories of the Banking Firm: A Review of the Literature (Swank 1996), which focus on dealing with the question of why banks exist, and how the banks behavior. These two papers have valuable practical implications for the management of the retail banks, especially the theories of the risk management, the portfolio models, liquidity and maturity transformations, etc. This essay discussed the implications of the theories of retail banking and the developments of the retail banking.

本文旨在讨论如何铺设一条银行信贷资金进出股票市场的通道，让日益增长的居民储蓄存款通过商业银行、证券公司进出股票市场，有条件地贷给愿意以持股方式进行投资的个人。以期通过增加筹资来源，补充上市公司的资金实力，在投资领域里缓解目前内需不足的压力；充实中央银行调控经济运行的政策工具，视股票市场冷暖和民间投资多寡，调节商业银行信贷资金的流向和流量。

近年来，票据贴现、转贴现利率节节走低，基层行应理性认识票据市场变化，积极应对同业竞争。 一、对票据业务前景要充满信心。市场经济的不断深化，企业以成本为中心的融资思路，必然促进票据业务的发展。大力拓展票据业务还有利于降低银行资产风险，有利于激活银行与企业、银行与银行、商业银行与人民银行的资金融通，提高金融资产的盈利性、安全性和流动性。 二、对票据业务现状要认真分析。票据市场竞争日益充分；股份制商业银行的比较优势日渐明显；其他国有独资商业银行开始效仿工商银行的票据经营模式。 三、基层行应对市场变化所需的策略调整。加快周转，减少占用；规模运作，以量促利；贴现为主，转贴现为辅；拓宽视野，培育票源。 四、持久发展票据业务的政策建议 。进一步营造发展票据业务的氛围；进一步落实发展票据业务的政策；进一步研究发展票据业务的创新；进一步强化发展票据业务的控制。

以巴塞尔委员会成立至新巴塞尔协议发布为研究的时间区间，在考察国际市场风险监管发展演变的基础上，整理出一个新协议实施后的国际市场风险监管框架。并在此基础上得出对我国银行业市场风险管理的几点启示。

How corporate growth affects the choice between relationship-based debt and public debt remains an unsettled issue in the literature. For high-growth firms, the banking relationship mitigates asset-substitution and underinvestment problems due to debt financing. Close relationships, however, work against funding competition and facilitate holdup behavior by banks. This paper suggests an effective mechanism for high-growth firms, namely competition from equity, to curb banks’ rent extraction when public debt becomes more costly. According to the generalized Myers-Majluf view in the recent literature, new equity issues by high-growth firms actually reduce or even reverse the adverse-selection discount because asymmetric information about these firms’ valuations arise largely from growth rather than from assets-in-place. Our evidence from Japanese data for 1983 to 1997 shows that the relation between loan-to-debt ratio and growth, initially significantly negative, is indeed reversed toward the high end of growth spectrum and turns significantly positive. Consistent with our explanation, fast-growing high-flyers raise more new equity than do other firms. These results not only confirm the existence of both costs and benefits of monitored debt, but also explain why high-growth firms enjoy the benefits without fearing holdup behavior by banks.

? LCAPM (基于流动性风险的CAPM模型) 是Acharya and Pedersen (2005) 提出的，它将流动性风险可能影响资产价格多种方式纳入一个统一框架。本文利用LCAPM对中国股市进行检验，在该模型中，证券的收益依赖于它的期望流动性及其与收益(包括个股与市场收益)之间的协方差。检验结果发现，我国股市的风险升水在大盘升降区间体现了不同的特征；无论在总区间还是分时段，LCAPM 都能更好的拟合资产收益；进一步的稳健性检验依然得到同样结论。这说明流动性在我国股市的资产定价上有重要影响。